APPENDIX. 589 
ing several dried bees, ichneumons, &c., in which the collare always remained 
attached to the thorax, when the fore-feet were pulled off, and never came off 
along with them. But I was fully convinced from a large female ant which I 
took a few days ago alive. In making efforts to release itself, the fore-feet were 
pulled to a considerable distance from the collare, to which they were attached 
above merely by a dilatable membrane; but the collare was immoveably fixed 
to the dorsum, and though there is a suture between them, it was with difficulty 
T could separate them by dissection. Another observation which proves that 
the collare is no part of the thorax, is, that putting a pin under it, and endea~ 
youring to push it off, the wings were strongly moved, so that their muscles must 
be attached to the wader side of it. Now we know that the wings in Coleoptera 
have no connection with the thorax. I am now persuaded that the upper side 
of that part in Hymenoptera analogous to the thorax in Coleoptera is rarely or 
never visible, the part itself being extremely thin, and wholly concealed by the 
collare. ‘The question then comes —‘ What is the collare analogous to ?’ and 
here I confess that I have not altogether satisfied myself, but must apply to 
your more extensive acquaintance with the order. Illiger says your tubercula 
are analogous to the scapularia of Coleoptera, and I am inclined to think 
rightly, If so, as the scapularia seem in general to be connate with the collare, 
or separated from it by an apparent suture, probably this part is analogous to a 
concealed vertical piece which I find at the base of the scutellum in a large 
foreign Geotrupes, and which you will easily see on dissection. Now, if this 
supposition be correct, then taking this Geotrupes for our Coleopterous instance, 
we shall see in it pretty clearly the parts to be seen in Hymenoptera (Vespa 
Crabro, for instance). Having separated the postpectus in the Greotrupes, we 
see at the base of the seutellum, first a vertical part forming a right angle with 
it. his I conceive to answer to the collare, which in Vespa is deflexed nearly 
in the same manner. ‘The tubercula in Vespa, or lateral triangular parts of the 
collare, I conceive to answer to the scapularia in Geotrupes. (I must here ob- 
serve, in order to obviate the objection that the scapularia are not placed so 
high up, that the scapulare is not merely the triangular white part which I 
mentioned to you as being present in Coccinella 7 punctata, but includes also 
another part at the base of that, the base of the true scapulare, which is 
divided into two portions by an apparent, not real, suture, being in a line 
with the base of the peristethium.) Next in the Geotrupes comes the con~ 
cealed, horny, horizontal base of the seutellum ; doubtless, as we have always 
considered it, equiyalent to our dorsum in Hymenoptera, and the exposed or 
-true seutellum is equivalent to your seutellum in Hymenoptera. Now comes 
in Vespa between the scutellum and your quondam metathorax, another trans- 
verse piece, which, as you have not named in Apis, I suppose is not found in 
them. ‘To what in Coleoptera is this analogous? Here, again, our Geotrupes 
comes into play. If you take off the scutellum, you will find concealed by 
it at the base of the channelled Zwnbi, with which it forms 2 right angle, 
a curious vertical, square, horny plate. This seems to me analogous to the 
above intermediate part in Vespa. Lastly, in Vespa comes your quondam 
metathorax, doubtless analogous to Illiger’s interscupulium, or the channelled 
part in Coleoptera, covered by the base of the elytra. So much for the upper 
side. Next as to the under side of the postpectus in Vespa. The large 
dilated part between the fore and middle feet must be analogous to the peri- 
stethium in beetles. ‘Lhe sides of this part seem to form your pleura. The 
scapularia I have mentioned before. The mesostethium must be a very small 
part between the four hind legs, and between the sides of this and the 
peristethium lie two smaller parts, which I conjecture to be our hypochondria. 
Thus I have made out, in one way or other, all the same parts in Hyme- 
noptera which are found in Coleoptera; and vice versd. You must decide 
