MERLIN. 
Falco salon, Temm. 
ieabenconsbancullont 
Auruouces the Merlin is the least of the European birds of prey, still it possesses all the features which 
characterize the most typical of its genus. Its undaunted courage and power of rapid flight embolden it 
to attack birds far superior to itself in weight and magnitude ; hence, when hawking was a favourite pastime 
with our ancestors, the Merlin was trained to the pursuit of partridges, woodcocks, snipes and larks ; and so 
determined is its spirit, and so certain its aim, that it has not unfrequently been known to strike a partridge 
dead, from a covey, with a single blow. Its flight is so low, that while skimming across large fallow or barren 
grounds, it often appears to touch the earth with its wings. In the southern parts of the British Isles, it is 
only a winter visiter, arriving at the departure of the Hobby; but Mr. Selby has fully proved that in the 
northern parts it is stationary, and, unlike the Falcons in general, incubates on the ground, constructing a 
nest among the heather. ‘‘ The number of the eggs,” says Mr. Selby, who has discovered their nests in these 
situations in Northumberland, ‘‘is from three to five, of a blueish white, marked with brown spots, principally 
disposed at the larger end.” 
The advanced state of ornithological science, as it regards the changes in plumage of our native birds, 
enables us to affirm that the Stone Falcon (Falco Lithofaleo, Auct.) is none other than the male Merlin in its 
advanced stage of plumage, the bird undergoing changes in this particular which characterize more or less 
the whole of the Falconde. The uniform dark tints of the adult are not fully attained before the third year. 
The Merlin is extensively spread over the countries of Europe; but M. Temminck informs us that it is 
scarce in Holland, though it appears, from the accounts of other authors, to be met with in Germany in 
winter. As regards its nidification, the above-mentioned naturalist differs materially from Mr. Selby in the 
situation he assigns to it for the purpose of breeding, which he states to be trees, or the clefts of rocks : 
the truth perhaps may be, that in different countries it may choose different localities, according as oppor- 
tunities may favour it. 
In the adult male the bill is blueish ; the crown of the head, back and wing-coverts blueish grey, the stems 
of each feather being black ; primaries black ; tail blueish grey with four bars of black, and a broad band of 
the same colour near the end; tip white; throat and upper part of the chest white; cheeks and all the 
under parts buff orange, with broad oblong blackish spots ; cere, legs and orbits yellow ; irides brown. 
The female somewhat exceeds her mate in size ; and although she never attains the rich colouring of the 
male as figured in the accompanying Plate, approximates very closely to it at a very advanced age. The 
generality of individuals taken have the plumage similar in colour and markings to the upper bird, which 
represents a male in immature plumage. 
The female and young birds have the top of the head of an obscure brown marked with oblong spots of 
black ; stripe over the eye white ; upper surface and scapulars brown, tinged with grey, each feather being 
spotted and edged with brown; quills blackish brown, obscurely spotted with brown; under wing-coverts 
rufous with white spots; throat white; breast and under surface pale brown marked with longitudinal spots 
as in the male, but broader and less distinct ; tail obscure brown with five or six rufous bars and tipped with 
white ; cere, orbits and tarsi yellow ; irides brown. 
The Plate represents two males, one the old bird, the other a young bird of the first year, with which the 
female, except when very old, agrees in plumage. 
