74 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 



a frothy secretion, but from which individual is not known ; it is 

 at first soft and white, frothy and transkicent, but soon becomes 

 hard; in the Qodius group it is very large, and remains white 

 after hardening, and in the Smintheus group it is small, and in 

 hardening becomes brown and horn-like. The office or use of the 

 pouch is apparently to prevent a repetition of mating. 



The eggs are oviposited singly, wherever it happens, without 

 care for a food-plant for the young larvae. The larvas are solitary 

 and nocturnal, feeding by night and lying secreted by day, so that 

 the larval habits and food-plants are not readily observed. At 

 pupation the chrysalis is hidden away under dead leaves or rub- 

 bish, attached to some upright twig in some little place where there 

 is room for it to swing. Hibernation takes place at this stage. 



I. Pamassius Clodius. 



FOLATE I ; Figures i, b, c. 



Fig. I, Male, Coldstream, Vancouver Island, July i, 1891 ; 

 Author. 



b. Female, Coldstream, Vancouver Island, July 2, 1891 ; 



Author. 



c, Pouch of the female. 



Clodius is the largest of the Qodius group, as it is also the 

 darkest in color, the dark markings and the translucent margins 

 being heavier than in any other species. On hind wing near anal 

 angle is a dark patch, or perhaps two patches fused together, but 

 without any red in them, and along the margin of hind wing are 

 a series of curved markings which are darker than in any other of 

 the group. There are two round red spots on each hind wing, 

 and usually the outer one is twinned or has a secondary small one 

 on the inside of the larger one. 



The female is larger than the male, and all the spots and mark- 

 ings are heavier. 



Sex-marks: The male has whitish hairs on the body, while the 

 female body is black and shiny, and without hairs ; also, after 

 mating, the female has the so-called pouch on the underside of 

 the body. 



Food-plants: Supposed to be viola; probably also some other 

 plants, as sedum ; and possibly vaccinium, or dewberry. 



Habitat: Qodius flies from the southern point of Alaska to 

 Vancouver Island, and along the coast nearly to San Francisco ; 



