34 AMERICAN SPIDERS AND THEIR SPINNINGWORK. 
the differences. He calls attention to the fact that Cteniza’s door consists 
of a series of superimposed layers of silk and mud, amounting sometimes 
to thirty,! is thick, of equal width, and beveled at the edge; while Opifex 
makes a thin door composed of a single layer of silk and soil, much thicker 
in front, and with unbeveled edge. The hinge of the former is also tough 
and elastic, while the latter is feeble and with little elasticity. All this is 
true, but Mr. Wagner appears to have lost sight of the fact that the Ter- 
ritelariee embrace many species besides Nemesia and Cteniza whose indus- 
try is greatly varied in form, and furnishes examples much nearer that of 
Wagner’s species than the one with which he compares it. Moggridge has 
called attention to these in that form of trapdoor which he calls the 
“wafer” type as distinguished from the “cork” type.2 The latter is the 
form with which alone Mr. Wagner appears to have been familiar, while 
the former more closely resembles his own interesting discovery. 
The eminent French araneologist, M. Eugene Simon, has added greatly 
to our knowledge of these aranead architects, and I have quoted freely® 
COMPARATIVE VIEW OF LycosID ARCHITECTURE. 
Fic. 28. Lycosa scutulata, simple burrow in the ground; a temporary closure for moulting and cocoon- 
ing. Fic. 29. Funnel shaped tube of silk, more or less supported and disguised by vegetable foliage and 
debris; Lycosa tigrina. Fic. 30. Turret of silk protected by armor of twigs or grass bits; Lycosa arenicola. 
Fig. 81. Vestibule of silk, armored with moss, etc., with a rude door, Lycosa tigrina. Fic. 32, Silk lined 
burrow, with wafer trapdoor at surface; Tarentula opifex. 
from his papers and given a number of illustrations exhibiting the appar- 
ent development of this peculiar industry, from the mere straight burrow 
to the beautiful silk lined tube of Cteniza, crowned with its admirable 
hinged trapdoor. In this series is one, the nest of Stothis astuta,* a South 
American species, which in its general characteristics resembles that of 
Wagner’s Basketlid spider. The same wafer door is found upon the nest 
of another species, Dolichoscaptus Latastei Simon, which builds a columnar 
turret covered with a movable lid. We are thus able to construct a double 
comparative series of nests, one from the Lycosids, the other from the Ter- 
ritelariee, which will show the following facts: First, a progressive advance- 
ment from the simple tubular burrow in the ground to a silken lined bur- 
row covered by a hinged lid. Second, the various stages of the two series 
1 See Vol. II. of this work, page 249 and Fig. 264. *Vol. IL, page 412, Figs. 347-349. 
2“ Harvesting Ants and Trapdoor Spiders.” 5 Vol. IL, page 411, Fig. 346. 
%See Vol. II. of his work, page 409, sq. 
