18 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 



solid, bony, and somewhat quadrate. Unlike the same part 

 in Diptera, it cannot be bent without injury. It either retains" 

 the bend or it breaks. It is not always visible externally. 

 In the bee it is conspicuous : in the wasp it is hidden by the 

 clypeus. In Coleoptera it retains a similar character. It 

 varies much in development. The Scarabceites have the upper- 

 lip small. I cannot consider, with Olivier, that it is in any case 

 absolutely wanting," although the great stag-beetle is almost 

 without it. In these orders*' the clypeus supplies its place : 

 whence the error of Fabricius in confounding the two. In the 

 rapacious beetles it is large. In Anthia and Cicindela it is 

 very conspicuous. In all water-beetles it is fully developed ; 

 the difference in their economy does not affect \t.* In Oitliop- 

 iera its character continues the same, its relative size larger. 

 In Hemiptera it has changed. It continues rigid, and is 

 injured by bending : but it is longer and more pointed than in 

 the three preceding classes. It is grooved to receive the 

 labium, and is the only part of the mouth that is detached. 

 In Jssus it is sharper than a needle. In the other Cicadites 

 it is more obtuse. In the Cimicites, again, it is sharp ; and the 

 same in the Nepiles. The mouth in Neuroptera has no com- 

 mon character. Neuropterous orders, with the exception of the 

 central one, Libellulites,^' assimilate in all their characters to 

 the classes to which they approach. I cannot, therefore, detail 



livre inferieurc, commc celle des Hymenopt^res, mais par les machoires. Dans 

 les Myodaires, elle est ordinairement membraneuse, quelquefois solides et 

 triardculee. La base est enveloppee par la base de la I^vre inKrieure, dont ks 

 deux palpes sont toujours d6veloppC'es, et qui se prolonge en deux supports 

 lateraux et ordinairement solides. Le corps de la trompe se prolonge en une 

 gaine, termin^e par des Idvres membraneuses dues 4 des trach^es trfis developp^es, 

 et par des palpes qui peuvent etre solides. Elle renferme deux filets allonges 

 qui forinent le sucoir et qui representent les mandibules. La pifice plus ou 

 moins solides qui se prolonge sur la rainure de la trompe est le labre ou la Ifivre 

 sup^rieure. — Desvoidy. 



' Les Scarahies qui ont des mandibules, et qui n'ont point de ISvre sup6- 

 rieure. — Olivier. 



' Scarabesites and Lucmiites. 



t In water beetles the clypeus is never distinct. 



>■ La labre demi-circulaire vout6 ; deux mandibules 6cailleuses, trds fortes et 

 tr^s dentfees ; des machoires termin^es par une piice de la meme consistance 

 dent^e, epineuse et ciliee au cott interieur, avec une paipe d'un seul article, 

 applique sur le dos, et imitant la gal6le des Orthoptires, une l^vre grande, voutie, 

 i trois feuillets, et dont les lateraux sont des palpes ; une sorte d'dpiglotte ou de 

 langue vesiculaire et longitudinale dans I'interieur de leur bouche.—Latreilte. 



