b GRAMMAR OF ENTOMOLOGY. 



the smooth brown pupae of moths are continually 

 dug up in gardens. 



10. The imago, or perfect state, is exemplified 

 in butterflies, moths, gnats, flies, wasps, bees, ants, 

 beetles, grasshoppers, earwigs, cockroaches, bugs, 

 fleas, may-flies, and dragon-flies. All descriptions 

 of insects in scientific works, relate to the imago 

 state, unless the contrary is distinctly expressed. 



1 1 . All perfect insects have two feelers (anlcnnce) 

 rising from their heads, like horns ; four wings, 

 the first pair called fore tvings {proalce), the 

 second pair hind wings {metalce) ; six legs in pairs, 

 the first pair called fore legs (propedes), the se- 

 cond pair, middle legs (jnesopedes), and the third 

 pair, hind legs (melapedes). 



12. These parts are believed always to exist, 

 yet are sometimes very indistinct ; when they are 

 conspicuous, they are said to be developed {pate- 

 facti), when small, and scarcely performing their 

 usual functions, rudimental {incipienies), when un- 

 discovered, and therefore not possibly applicable 

 to their usual functions, obsolete (obsoleli). 



13. The mode in which the life of an insect is 

 passed, differs very widely in the states of its 

 existence : it often happens that the larva inhabits 

 the water, and the imago the air ; sometimes the 

 larva inhabits the water, the pupa inhabits the 

 earth, and the imago returns to the water. The fol- 

 lowing chapters will in some degree exemplify this. 



