EARTH-MASON CATERPILLARS 207 



goat-moth (Cossus ligniperda). From having been 

 driven amongst the moist clay, these perforations be- 

 came filled with it, and the grubs of the ephemeras 

 found them very suitable for their habitation ; for the 

 wood supplied a more secure protection than if their 

 galleries had been excavated in the clay. In these 

 holes of the wood we found several empty, and some 

 in which were full grown grubs*. 



Nests of Ephemera in hales o/Cossus. 



The architecture of the grub of a pretty genus of 

 beetles, known to entomologists by the name of Ci- 

 cindda, is peculiarly interesting. It was first made 

 known by the eminent French naturalists, Geoffroy, 

 Desmarest, and Latreille. This grub, which may 

 be met with during spring, and also in summer 

 and autumn) in sandy places, is long, cylindric, soft, 

 whitish, and furnished with six brown scaly feet. The 

 head is of a square form, with six or eight eyes, 

 and very large in proportion to the body. They have 

 strong jaws, and on the eighth joint of the body there 

 are two fleshy tubercles, thickly clothed with reddish 

 hairs, and armed with a recurved horny spine, the 

 whole giving to the grub the form of the letter Z. 



With their jaws and feet they dig into the earth to 

 the depth of eighteen inches, forming a cylindrical 

 cavity of greater diameter than their body, and fur- 

 nished with a perpendicular entrance. In construct- 

 *J. R. 



