HISTORY OF CASHMIR. 119 



la mer, s' iraagina que cette mer etoit a 1' est, parce que c' etoit 1' opinion, 

 de son siecle. Dans un temps posterieur, Hipparque pretendit que l'em- 

 bouchure De 1' Indus etoit a 1' est equinoctial." (Larcher. Histoire de He- 

 rodote. Melpomene, note 95). We may therefore safely conclude that the Cas- 

 patyrus known to the Persians and Greeks was at least part of the modern 

 Cashmir. 



In the progress of time the name had undergone some change, but the 

 situation was perhaps more accurately known. Cashmir appears in Ptolemy 

 as Kao-7T7jf<a and is placed with great accuracy T7ro rag t& B3a$7T8 (the Vi- 

 tasta or Jelum) xa) T8 2ovSaj3ax(Chandra-bhaga) xm ts Voahog (Ravi) iryyag 

 the two first rivers actually rising within the present province, and the third 

 on the confines of Jambu, once in all probability a part of Cashmir. Ptole- 

 my has also a people called Ku<r7reipa.ioi, one of whose cities Kaa-^rsipa. lies lower 

 down, and apparently corresponds Avith Multan (Vincent's Periplus, i. 12.) 

 The Caspiraei however occupy the country as far as the Vindyan mountains, 

 and the Yamuna. D'Anville appears to have considered these names alone, 

 "when he declares there is nothing in common with the Caspira of Ptolemy, 

 and Caspatyrus of Herodotus, for as he justly observes the position of a 

 city on the lower part of the course of the Hydaspes, ne peut convenir, a 

 Cashmir : as mentioned above, however this is distinct from the Caspcria 

 which lies at the sources of the same river, and the position of which is 

 precisely that of Cashmir. Whence Ptolemy got his Caspcria, is not very 

 clear. It is a singular geographical arrangement, that places the same 

 people on the Hydaspes, at Modura or Muttra, and in the Vindyan moun- 

 tains : the Caspiraei of Ptolemy seem to be the same as the Catheri of Di- 

 odorus, and the Cathir of Arrian, who were allied with the Malli and Oxy- 

 dracae or people of Multan, and Outch, against Alexander, or in a word 

 the Cshelryas or Rajaputs of Western India — Hence perhaps the error he has 

 committed in assigning such remote places to the same state, for in the 

 Punjab, and Doab, the various cities he specifies, were no doubt governed 

 by Cshetriya, or Rajaput princes, although they were not subjected to one 

 common sway, nor constituted the territory of any one peculiar tribe. 



