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42 THE WOODSMAN’S HANDBOOK. . 
Frequent measuring is especially important on small scales 
where a Forest officer is not always present, because sawyers are 
more apt to be lax in measuring than when an officer is daily 
checking lengths. 3 
Logs will be scaled in odd lengths if provided for in the contract. 
All diameters will be measured inside the bark at the top end 
of the log.. If logs are not round, scalers will average the 
| greatest diameter inside the bark at the top end of the log, with the 
i diameter at right angles to this. The necessary reduction in 
diameter will be made for swelling at the scaling end of a log when 
no lumber can be produced from it. 
Diameters will be rounded off to the nearest inch above or below 
‘ui the actual diameter. 
‘ Any portion of a log which contains a fault which prevents its 
manufacture into merchantable lumber is cull, and will not be 
ilk scaled and charged to the purchaser. 
i The following defects are most common: 
Hi Uniform center or circular rot, circular shake, pin dots, ground 
or stump rot, cat-face, dote at side of log extending to the bark, 
burns or defect caused by lightning extending along side of log, 
defect caused by lightning extending along the log in spiral form, 
punky or soft sap, deep checks or seams, dote appearing in knots, 
curve or sweep, crooks, crotches, and blue sap. 
| In general, a log containing sufficient sound material to saw 
t out a quantity of lumber equal to one-third of its contents as 
{ 
j 
given by the scale rule is termed “‘merchantable.”’ 
| The term ‘‘sound material” is here used to signify such mate- 
4 rial as will produce lumber grading not below No. 3 common, or 
hal the lowest grade commonly merchantable. Supervisors will, 
Wy wherever advisable, furnish scalers with specifications of No. 3 
common lumber, or the lowest grade commonly merchantable, 
from the grading rules of the recognized lumber associations in the 
vicinity of their forests. These may, if advisable. be confined or 
altered to meet the local demands. The scaler is not expected to — 
be a grader, but the grading rules will assist him in determining — 
| 
| where to draw the line between merchantable and unmerchantable | 
timber. 
| Ties may be sold by the piece or they may be actually scaled, 
| or they may be counted and the number multiplied by the aver- _ 
| | age contents. The following contents may be used: | 
