143 
LOBg-loaVCd Pine : 
Adhesion of spikes iu ties of, 59, 63. 
Amount of air, sap, and water in eell-structuro 
of, 67. 
Chemical analysis of, 53. 
Durability of, 47. 
Effect of resinous matter iu wood of, on ad- 
hesion of spikes, 60. 
Fungi growing on, 47. 
Kinds of ballast best suited to ties of, 47. 
Larvae destroying timber of, 48. 
Preservation of timber, 48. 
Resistance of, to indentation, 53, 54. 
Size of wood fibers, 45. 
Specific gravity of, 53. 
Structure, 45 (49, 51). 
Ties, length and size of, 55. 
Ties, number of feet under a rail, 55. 
Weigbt of wood per cubic foot, 53, 67. 
Wood-creosote oil made from, 99. 
Louisville and Nashville Railroad Company, opin- 
ion of, as to injury by fire to forest growths 
adjacent to their lines, 30. 
Louisville and New Albany Railroad Company, 
opinion of, as to damage by fire to tree plan- 
tations along Railroads, 29 (30). 
Maintenance of track: 
Number of acres of timber required for, 18. 
Timber consumed for (total amount), 17. 
Materia] used in manufacture of metal ties, 115. 
Metal Railroad Ties, B. E. Fornow, 108. 
Advantages and economy of using, 112. 
Comparisons and requirements of different 
systems of, in use, 109, 113, 115. 
Comparison of with wooden ties, 114. 
Cost of maintaining road with, 123. 
Cost and weight of, 110 (113), 117,118,122, 
126, 127. 
Experience of Des Moines Street Railway 
Company with, 127. 
Fastenings used for, 118. 
Influence of, on rolling stock, rails, and road- 
bed, 120. 
Length of cross, 114, 117. 
Length of longitudinal, 120. 
Life of, 119. 
Manufactured by International Railway Tie 
Company, 127. 
Material used in manufacture of, 115. 
Number of, laid per mile, 112. 
Number of miles of track in Europe laid with 
(1885), 110. 
Number of, used on Mexican railways, 110, 
Pattern of, used on Indian State Railway, 
111. 
Requirements to be observed in manufacture 
of, 112. 
Shape of, 116. 
Used by Des Moines Street Railway Com- 
pany, 127. 
Utilizing waste pieces of, by making pieced 
ties, 125. 
"When first employed, 109. 
Mexican Railway Company, experience of, with 
metal ties, 110. 
Michigan Central Railroad Company, opinion of, 
as to injury by tiro to forest growth adjacent 
to lines, 30. 
Mileage : 
Annual increase of, in Railroads, 16. 
Increase of. in Railroads, 1830 to 1886, 12, 13. 
Points to bo considered in calculating (foot- 
note), 14. 
Missouri Pacilio Railroad Company, experience 
of, in planting Catalpa, 27, 29. 
New York Central and Hudson River Railway 
Company : 
Size of ties used by, 55. 
Weight of rails (section) used by, 57. 
Northern Pacific Railroad Company, experience 
of, in tree planting, 29. 
Oak, White, (see White Oak.) 
Oil of Tar, heavy, for preserving wood, 76. 
Pennsylvania Railroad Company, position of, in 
regard to expending money for timber cult- 
ure, 30. 
Pile-timber : 
Burnettized, durability of, 33. 
Cubic feet of, used per mile of earth-work 
(foot-note), 15. 
Duration of, under various conditions, L5, 16, 
96, 101. 
Number of cubic feet consumed by Railroad 
Companies, 15. 
Time required for destruction of, by Teredo, 
96. 
Pine, (see Long-leaved Pine.) 
Method of deriving wood-creosote oil from, 99. 
Poleck, Prof, experiments on timber by, to pre- 
vent dry-rot (foot-note), 37. 
Poles, telegraph : 
Acres of timber annually cut to supply de- 
mand for, 18. 
Kinds of trees used for, 19. 
Number of, in use— cubic feet of timber in, 17. 
Number used per mile, 16. 
Of Eucalyptus, behavior of, in use, 27. 
Preservation, wood, 66. 
Table of successful experiments on, 98. 
Cheapness of timber as effecting economy of, 
21. 
Checking consumption of ties by processes of, 
31. 
Chestnut wood, 42. 
Hemlock wood, 50. 
Long-leaved Pine wood, 48. 
Progress of, as affected by dishonest work in, 
21. 
Tamarack wood with Acetate and Sulphate of 
Iron, 51. 
Ties, necessity of, 20, 33. 
White Oak wood, 39. 
Works of Atchison, Topeka and Santa F6 R. 
R.Co., 22. 
Works of Union Pacific R. R. Co., 22. 
Advisability of, 31, 68. 
Conditions necessary to success of, 95. 
Faults of processes formerly employed in, 32. 
