145 
Railroad ties— Continued, 
Kyanized (Hemlock), experience of Eastern 
Railroad Company (Mass.) with, 50. 
Kyanized, used on Chicago, Rock Island and 
Pacific road, 50.' 
Metal, experience of Mexican Railway Com- 
pany with, 110. 
Number of, consumed annually, 14, 31. 
Preservation of, nece ssity of. 20. 
Price of, compared with other track timber, 
19, 20. 
Redwood, price of (foot-note), 16. 
Redwood, value of timber destroyed in making 
(foot-note), 16. 
Round timber consumed for (cubic feet of), 17. 
Seasoning of, to prevent decay, 32, 33, 67. 
Size and age of trees cut for, 31. 
Size of, used by New York Central and Hudson 
River R.R., 55 (57). 
Spruce, creosoted, life and cost of, 78. 
Substitutes for (metal), 20, 108. 
Supply of, diminishing, 20. 
Timber consumed for fnumber of cubic feet), 
15, 16, 31. 
Timber wasted in making (foot-note), 16. 
Utilization of waste of, for pieced ties, 125. 
Wood and metal combined for, 126. 
Renewal of railway ties, points to be considered 
in computing cost of, 123. 
Resinous products, effect of, in impregnating Long- 
leaved Pine timber, 46. 
Road-bed: 
Behavior of ties in, 31. 
Causes of decay of ties in, 31. 
Durability of Chestnut ties in, 41. 
Durability of Hemlock ties in, 50. 
Durability of Long-leaved Pine in, 47. 
Durability of treated and untreated Tamarack 
ties in, 51, 52. 
Durability of Wbite Cedar ties in, 43. 
Durability of White Oak ties in, 38. 
Influence of metal ties on, 120. 
Necessity of draining when impregnated ties 
are used in, 95. 
Rolling stock, influence of Metal ties on, 120. 
Round timber. (See Timber, also.) 
Cubic feet of. consumed for piles, 15. 
Cubic feet ol, consumed in general mamte- 
• nance of track, 16, 17. 
Cubic feet of, consumed for telegraph poles, 
16. 17. 
Duration of, in structures, and for other pur- 
poses, 15, 16. 
Kinds used by Railroad companies, 19. 
Number of acres of timber to be cut to supply 
the demand for, 18. 
Sargent, Prof. C. S., 35, 36, 42. 
Sap, amount of, in green and dry wood at different 
seasons, 66, 67. 
Sap-wood: 
Chestnut, change of, to heart-wood, 41. 
White Oak, change of, to heart- wood, 37. 
Seasoning, timber: 
How to accomplish, 33. 
To prevent decay, 32, 33, 48. 
Sections (rails), weight of, used in tracks, 57. 
Shape of metal ties, 116. 
Size : 
And age of timber cut for ties, 31. 
Of ties used by Railroad companies, 55. 
Of wood-fibers in various woods. (See 
Wood.) 
Southern Pacific Railroad Company: 
Effect of example of, in tree-planting on set- 
tlers, 28. 
Experience of, in tree-planting, 27. 
Southern pine. (See Long-leaved Pine.) 
Spark-arresters (Smoke-consuming devices for Lo- 
comotives), 132, 136. 
Description of various devices used, 133. 
" Diamond stack," 136. 
"Extended Front-end and Straight Stack," 
136. 
Importance of, 136. 
Old Colony Railroad, pattern of, 135. 
Specific gravity : 
Of Chestnut, 40, 53. 
Of Hemlock, 53. 
Of Long-leaved Pine (Yellow Pine), 53. 
Of Tamarack, 53. 
Of White Cedar, 53. 
Of Western Larch, 53. 
Of White Oak, 36, 53. 
Of wood-fiber, 66. 
Spikes : 
Effect of, on wood-fibers, 61. 
Effect of, on ties, 55. 
Liability of to split Yellow Pine ties, 47. 
Spikes, adhesion of, 57, 62. 
In Chestnut ties, 58. 
In White Cedar ties, 59. 
In White Oak ties, 38, 59. 
In Yellow Pine ties, 59. 
Spruce : 
Lumber, Kyanized, life of, 80, 82. 
Ties, creosoted, cost and life of, 78. 
Wood, amount of Chloride of Zinc (solution) 
absorbed by, 82. 
Steaming : 
Drawbacks to, 75. 
Pressure of steam required for, 74. 
Time required to thoroughly effect, 74. 
To preserve Avood, 68, 74. 
Steel ties. (See Metal ties.) 
Steeping wood : 
In water to displace sap, 68. 
To impregnate with an antiseptic, 68. 
Structure of Timber used for ties (31), 34. 
Of Chestnut, 40. 
Of Hemlock, 48. 
Of White Cedar, 43. 
Of Long-leaved Pine, 45. 
Of Tamarack, 51 (52). 
Of Western Larch, 52. 
Of White Oak 35. 
Sulphate of Copper : 
For preserving wood, 33, 76. 
Methods and substances used to prevent wash- 
ing out of, in timber, 85. 
Sulphate of Iron : 
For impregnating Tamarack wood, 51. 
