148 
Weight of metal ties, 110, 113, 117, 118, 122, 126, 
127. 
Wind-breaks (of trees), objections to, along rail- 
way lines, 29. 
Wellhouse Process of treating timber to prevent 
escape of antiseptics, 86. 
Substances used in, 86. 
Works established for operation of, 86. 
Western Larch. (See Larch.) 
White Cedar : 
Adhesion of spikes in ties of, 59. 
Annual diameter growth, 42. 
Chemical analysis of, 53. 
Cost of ties, 43. 
Durability of ties, 43, 44. 
Fungi growing on wood of, 44. 
Geographical distribution of, 42. 
Kind of traffic best suited to ties of, 43. 
Resistance of, to indentation, 53, 54. 
Size of wood-fibers of, 43. 
Soundness of ties of, 43. 
Structure of, 43 (48, 49). 
Ties, Burnettized, Jife of, 82. 
Ties, length and size of, 55. 
Weight of wood per cubic foot, 43. 
White Oak : 
Adhesion of spikes in ties of, 38, 59, 63. 
Amount of Corrosive Sublimate (solution) ab- 
sorbed by, 79. 
Amount of Chloride of Zinc (solution) ab- 
sorbed by, 81. 
Change of heart-wood to sap-wood, 37. 
Chemical analysis of, 53. 
Durability of ties of, in road-bed, 38. 
Fungi growing upon wood of, 39. 
Preserving processes employed for, 39, 79. 
Resistance of wood to indentation, 53, 54. 
Size of wood-fibers, 36. 
Specific gravity of, 36, 53. 
Structure of, 35 (49). 
Ties, Burnettized, average life of, 82. 
Ties, life of, creosoted and in natural state ; 
cost of. 78. 
Ties, unimpregnated, life of, 82. 
Ties, untreated, economy of using treated 
hemlock in place of, 92. 
Time for cutting timber of, for ties, 39. 
Value of wood of, as determined by experi- 
ence, 38. 
Weight of wood per cubic foot, 53, 67. 
White Pine : 
Amount of water in cubic foot of, 67. 
Amount of air and sap in cell-structure of, 
67. 
Weight of wood per cubic foot, 67. 
Wood: 
And metal combined for ties, 126. 
Carbonizing of, before impregnation with 
wood-creosote oil, 102. 
Decay of, cause of, 67. 
Dry, amount of water in, 66. 
Durability of, affected by time of cutting, 
67. 
"Fatty pine," Wood-creosote derived from, 
99. 
Wood — Continued. 
Green, amount of sap in, at different seasons, 
66. 
How sections of are made to show structure. 
35. 
Increase in bending strength of, by creosot- 
ing, 104. 
Kinds of, penetrated last by preserving fluids, 
95. 
Magnified structure of kinds of, chiefly used 
for timber. 34. 
Methods and substances, treatment of, to pre- 
vent washing out of antiseptics in, 85. 
Preservation of, by painting with Carbolin- 
eum, 104. 
(See Chestnut). 
(See Long-leaved Pine). 
(See Tamarack^ 
(See Western Larch). 
(See White Cedar). 
(See White Oak). 
Steaming, to preserve, 68, 74. 
Steeping, in water and with an antiseptic, 68. 
Strength of (tensile and transverse), various 
kinds, 53, 54. 
Wood-Creosote Oil : 
Chemical analysis of, 99. 
Companies engaged in manufacture of, 99. 
How and from what wood manufactured, 99,. 
101. 
Preparation (carbonizing) of timber to be 
treated with, 102. 
Quality of, and other products yielded per 
cord of weod, 99. 
Eeport on, W. H. Bixby, 99. 
Situation to which timber treated with, is 
specially adapted, 103. 
Success of, as wood-preservative against vari- 
ous destructive agencies, 100, 101, 103. 
Wood-fiber : 
Composition of, 66. 
Long-leaved Pine, size of, 45. 
Specific gravity of, 66. 
Tamarack, size of, 51. 
Western Larch, size of, 52. 
White Cedar, size of, 43. 
White Oak, size of, 36 (52). 
Wood preservation : 
Antiseptics used for, 76, 99. 
Advantages and disadvantages of; important 
questions concerning the adoption of differ- 
ent methods of, 92, 95. 
Methods of (see also Preserving), 66, 66, 99, 102, 
103. 
Report on different methods of, by Com. of 
Am. Soc. Engineers, 94. 
Successful experiments on, table of, 98. 
Wood, sap (see Sap-wood). 
Works : 
Burnettizing, 82. 
Creosoting, 76, 73. 
For manufacturing wood-creosote oil, 99. 
For operating Thilmany process of treating 
timber to prevent washing out of antisep- 
tics, 85. 
