THE VALLEY TYPE. 23 
The rock pine and red cedar do well together and form a valuable 
forest. The cedar will grow in as dry situations as the pine, but it 
is also often found in the bottoms of the canyons, where there is too 
-tmuch moisture for the pine. The pine constitutes the main forest, 
while the cedar fills up the interstices. 
On many areas belonging to the pine type the natural replacement 
or extension of the forest will be slow, because the trees which might 
furnish seed have been destroyed, but in others it may easily be 
accomplished. If the owner of pine land in western Nebraska will 
leave from 5 to 10 trees on each acre to furnish seed, and will protect 
the young seedlings from fire and stock, he will eventually have a 
young forest in the place of the old. If he wishes to enlarge the for- 
est area it may often be done by sparing the old trees on the wind- 
ward side of a vacant field until their seeds have produced a proper 
stand of young trees. In this case, as always, the area must be 
protected against fire and stock. 
THE. VALLEY TYPE. 
GENERAL FEATURES. 
The valley type of forest is confined entirely to the valleys of 
water courses and draws or their adjacent bluffs (see Pl. IV), and 
consists wholly of broadleaf species, with the exception of a few 
individuals or of small areas of red cedar. No body of timber of 
this type is known to grow on the uplands of western Kansas and 
Nebraska, though scattering trees are often found in the heads of 
the draws almost to the upland level. In the valleys there are oceca- 
sionally areas of a few acres in extent on which true forest conditions 
prevail, but the general form is that of a narrow belt of trees a few 
rods in width, holding closely to the banks of a stream or the bottom 
of a draw. The type is thus closely associated with the best farm 
lands of the region. : 
The trees generally are low, with spreading crowns, though dense 
stands sometimes occur in moist situations which produce good, clear 
trunks. Cottonwoods may attain a height of 75 feet, but the maxt- 
mum height of the other species is in the neighborhood of 50 feet, 
while many mature trees do not grow even that high. Diameters, 
too, are mostly small, except in the case of cottonwood, which fre- 
quently attains a diameter of 3 to 4 feet, and sometimes over 5 feet. 
A green ash at Hays, Kans., is 44 inches in diameter 2 feet above 
ground, and a white elm on Eagle Creek, near Paradise, is 62 inches 
in diameter at breastheight, but these are exceptional cases. Aside 
from the cottonwoods, the average diameter of the broadleaf species 
of western Kansas and Nebraska is probably not far from 6 inches. 
The Cimarron, Arkansas, Smoky Hill, Republican, and Platte 
