Mar., 1922 ELEVATION OF THE NESTING SITE 59 
rangers in the breeding season, although they are arboreal. Other warbiers 
nesting in trees are the Parula and Eastern Redstart, but there are not enough 
species in each genus to interest us. The Olive Warbler of the southwest is a 
high-nesting bird, thirty to fifty feet, and is decidedly long-winged. 
Among the vireos the high rangers are the Red-eyed, Warbling, and Yel- 
low-throated. These also nest high at times, the Red-eyed, five to forty feet, 
the Warbling, eight to forty feet, the Yellow-throated, ten to thirty feet*. The 
White-eyed Vireo and its relatives, being much shorter-winged, live nearer the 
ground, nesting in thickets. It is not necessary to give figures of wing and 
tail length as all the members of the genus Vireo, to which the White-eyed 
Vireo belongs, have the rounded form of wing which is shorter always than 
the pointed wing and indicates poor flight ability, while the Red-eyed, Warb- 
ling, and Yellow-throated (genera Vireosylva and Laniwireo) have pointed 
wines. The Black-whiskered, Philadelphia, and Solitary vireos are all tree- 
nesting birds of pointed wing but rather lower in preference of nesting site. 
In the finch family all species that range well up in the trees are long- 
winged. Goldfinch, Purple Finch, Siskin, Redpolls, Crossbills, Rose-breasted 
Grosbeak and Indigo Bunting all nest above the ground. The Pine Grosbeak, 
arboreal and nesting off the ground, is one of the long-winged, and the Evening 
Grosbeak, also long-winged, nests up to twenty feet. In the genus Spizella, 
as is the case with nearly all ‘‘sparrows’’, the nest is on the ground or in a 
low bush, except that of the Chipping Sparrow, which nests a few feet up and 
is the longest winged of its kind. It is also less of a ground bird than its rela- 
tives. All our North American sparrows are short-winged and therefore low 
or ground nesting. 
The Kastern species of Icterus follow the law also, as is seen from the 
table immediately following. 
EASTERN. SPECIES OF ORIOLES 
Nesting height Wing minus tail 
mm. 
Baltimore Oriole 20 to 40 ft. 21.1 
Orchard Oriole 10 to 15 ft. 9.0 
TYRANT FLYCATCHERS 
I HIGH RANGING 
Nesting height Wing minus tail 
mm. 
Kingbird 15 to 25 ft. 33.9 
Olive-sided Flycatcher 2 Et. 38.0 
Wood Pewee 20 to 40 ft. 17.2 
Average 29.7 
Il LOW RANGING 
Nesting height Wing minus tail 
mm. 
Phoebe Low 14.6 
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher On ground | 15.1 
Acadian Flycatcher Up to 8 ft. 15.0 
Traill Flycatcher Near the ground Ut 
Least Flycatcher iy ton too it. 9.9 
Average 13.4 
*All nesting elevations are from Chapman’s “Handbook of Birds of Eastern North | 
America,” 
