136 



SCIENCE 



[Vol. V., No. 106. 



been amended in such manner as to protect the pub- 

 lic, without hampering the use of steam. A special 

 type of engine, with vertical cylinders, carried well 

 up above the axles (to secure them from injury by 

 mud and dust, and to make them readily accessible), 

 and fitted with long connecting-rods, coupled directly 

 to the leading axles, has been applied to the street- 

 cars. All four wheels are connected by coupling- 

 rods, as in the locomotive, and the exhaust steam is 

 concealed by various expedients. The surface-con- 

 denser was considered more economical than super- 

 heating, to produce efficiency, and air-condensers 

 were thought practicable. Engine and passenger-car 

 were often combined, — a method used in various 

 American systems, — in one of which (Rowan's) the 

 engine can be removed, and another substituted, in a 

 few minutes. Depreciation was allowed for at 10%. 

 Depreciation on the line alone was taken as 3%. The 

 cost of operation was stated at 2.28 pence per mile, 

 while the total of all expenses was given at 9.33 pence 

 per mile, and every penny per mile above this figure 

 should give 2.2 % in dividends. The line intended for 

 such steam -traffic should be very substantially built, 

 and large cars and moderate fares were advised. 



Mr. Shellshear gave an account of the street-rail- 

 ways of Sydney, New South Wales, all of which are 

 worked by the ordinary railway system. The num- 

 ber of passengers carried in 1882, on twenty-two miles 

 of road, was 15,269,100, or about 200,000 per mile; 

 and the earnings were over $40,000 per mile, or 

 about 2% per mile. The gauge was 4 feet 8£ inches, 

 and the number of motors employed was 57, includ- 

 ing several American (Baldwin) tank-engines, which 

 work more smoothly than the English or home- 

 made engines. The government is having other 

 steam-cars, on the American system, built by the 

 Baldwin works. The result has proved that horse- 

 traction must yield to mechanical power. 



MORTILLET'S CONCLUSIONS REGARD- 

 ING EARLY MAN IN EUROPE. 



1. During the tertiary age, there existed a being in- 

 telligent enough to produce fire and to fabricate 

 stone implements. 



2. This being was not yet man: it was his precur- 

 sor, — an ancestral form, to which I have given the 

 name of the man-ape. 



3. Man appeared in Europe at the beginning of the 

 quaternary period, at least 230,000 or 240,000 years 

 ago. 



4. Our first human type was that of Neanderthal. 

 This type, essentially autochthonous, was slowly 

 modified and developed during the quaternary peri- 

 od, resulting in the type of Cro-Magnon. 



5. His industry, very rudimentary at first, devel- 

 oped progressively in a regular manner, without 

 shocks. This proves that the progressive movement 

 went on upon the spot, without the intervention of 

 propagandism and invasion from abroad. It was 

 therefore really an autochthonous industry. 



6. The regular development of this industry has 

 enabled me to divide the quaternary period into four 



epochs, — first, the chellean, anterior to the glacial 

 period ; second, the mousterian, contemporaneous 

 with it; third and fourth, the solutrian and the 

 magdalenian, posterior to it. 



7. Quaternary man, mainly a fisherman, and espe- 

 cially a hunter, was acquainted neither with agricul- 

 ture nor with the domestication of animals. 



8. He lived in peace, entirely destitute of religious 

 ideas. 



9. Towards the end of the quaternary period, iri 

 the solutrian and the magdalenian epochs, he became 

 an artist. 



10. With the present condition of things, there 

 have come invasions from the east which have pro- 

 foundly modified the population of western Europe. , 

 These have brought thither ethnic elements entirely 

 new, and in great part brachycephalic. To the sim- 

 plicity and the purity of the autochthonous dolichoce- 

 phalic race, there have succeeded numerous crosses 

 and mixtures. 



11. The industry is found to be profoundly modi- 

 fied. Religious ideas, the domestication of animals, 

 and agriculture have made their appearance in west- 

 ern Europe. 



12. This first invasion, which took place at the 

 Robenhausen epoch, set out from the regions of Asia 

 Minor, Armenia, and the Caucasus. 



PARKER'S TEXT-BOOK OF DISSECTION. 



This book is well printed, and presents an 

 attractive appearance. Of the seventy-four 

 woodcuts, all are good, some excellent. The 

 plan of the book is similar to that of Huxley 

 and Martin's 'Elementary biology,' and, like 

 it, is designed as a course of laboratory instruc- 

 tion. Our author deals with the anatomy of 

 the lamprey, skate, cod, lizard, pigeon, and 

 rabbit. It will be seen that the anatomy of a 

 representative form of each of the vertebrate 

 classes except the Amphibia is taken up. A 

 tj T pe of this latter group was evidently omitted 

 with purpose, since Huxley and Martin's 

 ' Biology ' takes up the anatomy of the frog. 

 The anatomy of the types selected is consid- 

 ered from an independent point of view, and 

 the author makes no attempt whatever to give 

 a detailed or complete account of their struc- 

 ture. He dwells on the more important points, 

 taking up the anatonry in quite as detailed a 

 manner as desirable, and perhaps more fully 

 than can be compassed by the student in most 

 of our laboratories. General directions are 

 given as to instruments, methods of dissection, 

 and preparation, followed by more detailed 

 instructions about dissection of the types con- 



A course of instruction in zootomy (Vertebrata). By T. 

 Jeffert Parker, B.Sc, London professor of biology in the 

 University of Otago, New Zealand. With seventy-four illustra- 

 tions. London, Macmillan & Co., 1884. 23+397 illustr. 8°. 



