November 6, 1885.] 



SCIENCE. 



4i; 



solar heat. 5°. Observations during a lunar 

 eclipse. 6°. Formation of a lunar heat spectrum. 



AVe can only summarize the results, and they 

 are best given in his own words : ' ' While we have 

 found abundant evidence of heat from the moon, 

 every method we have tried, or that has been 

 tried by others, for determining the character of 

 this heat, appears to us inconclusive ; and, without 

 questioning that the moon radiates heat earth- 

 ward from its soil, we have not yet found any 

 experimental means of discriminating with such 

 certainty between tliis and the reflected heat that 

 it is not open to misinterpretation. Whether we 

 do so or not in the future will probably depend 

 on our abihty to measure by some process which 

 will inform us dh'ectly of the wave-lengths of the 

 heat observed.-' 



Were this all, it would be a somewhat discour- 

 aging ending, but the best and most important 

 part is a note added February, 1885, which we 

 quote in full : — 



*' Since the above paragraph was written, we 

 have succeeded in obtaining measures with rock- 

 salt prisms and lenses in a lunar heat spectrum. 

 These difiicult measures must be repeated at 

 many lunations before complete results can be 

 obtained ; but, considering their importance to 

 the present subject, we think it best to state now 

 in general terms, and with the reserve due to the 

 necessity of future experiment, that they indicate 

 two maxima in the heat curve, — one corresponding 

 within the limits of errors of observation to the 

 solar curve maximum ; the second, indefinitely 

 lower down in the spectrum, corresponding to a 

 greater amount of heat at a lower temperature. 

 Exactly what temperature this latter corresponds 

 to, we have no present means of knowing. We 

 have succeeded, however, in forming a measurable 

 heat spectrum from the surface of a Leslie cube 

 containing boiling ^^ater, and the maximum 

 ordinate in the lunar heat curve appears to be 

 below the maximum ordinate in the hot water 

 curve. The inference from this is, of course, that the 

 temperature of the lunar soil is, at any rate, below 

 that of boiling water, and in an iadefinite degree. 

 ' ' We cannot close this note without caUing 

 attention to the remarkable fact that we here seem 

 to have radiations from the moon of lower wave- 

 length than from the sun, which implies an ap- 

 parent contradiction to the almost universally 

 accepted behef that the sun's emanations, like 

 those from any heated solid body, include aU low 

 wave-lengths rej^resenting temperatures inferior 

 to those certainly emitted." 



Further comment is unnecessary. The novelty 

 and imijortance of the above is self-evident. 



H. M. Paul. 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF RECENT ITALIAN 

 PSYCHOLOGY. 



The science of psychology is still somewhat in 

 the position of the young man who has just x^assed 

 his twenty-first birthday. While really entitled to 

 all the rights and dignities belonging to any of 

 the citizens of the republic of science, yet these 

 privileges are accorded with somewhat of a re- 

 luctant spirit especially on the part of the older 

 citizens, who seem rather startled at the notion of 

 receiving, on terms of equahty, so very youthful 

 and so very presumptuous a candidate. But now 

 that special professorships in this department have 

 been instituted at several of our universities and 

 colleges ; now that the questions which it dis- 

 cusses find a hearing before appropriate sections 

 of the great scientific associations (for it is scientific 

 psychology alone that is meant) ; that special so- 

 cieties and journals are devoted to the encourage- 

 ment of its progress ; it may fairly be presumed 

 that whatever of a protest to this reception stiQ 

 makes itself heard is only the echo of by-gone 

 days. 



While the greatest part of our experimental 

 knowledge of mind is undoubtedly due to German 

 writers and workers, France and Italy have also 

 contributed much to raise the science to its present 

 position. In France the Revue philosophique, of 

 which M. Ribot, whose psychological works are 

 weU known to English readers, is the editor, pays 

 special attention to the strictly scientific side of its 

 domain. There has been founded, too, a society 

 of physiological psychology, especially devoted to 

 the consideration of experimental topics. In Italy 

 the Rivista sperimentale di freniatria, edited by 

 M. A. Tamburini, and the Archivio di psichiatria, 

 etc., edited by M.Caesare Lombroso, devote much of 

 their energies to another side of the subject. Both 

 the writers just mentioned are deeply interested in 

 the psychology of the criminal and other classes 

 of defectives. The voluminous work of M. Lom- 

 broso (Uomo delinquente) is a standard in this line 

 of research. The Revue philosophique for Septem- 

 ber enlarges the circle of readers of some of these 

 researches, by presenting a summary of articles 

 from the two Italian journals. In the hope of still 

 further increasing the usefuhiess of these contri- 

 butions to psychology, some account of them is 

 given here. 



M. Ferri has made a special study of the reh- 

 gious sentiment in the criminal class, and intends 

 to publish a volume on this subject. He found, 

 in a very large number of criminals examined, 

 only a single one who did not believe in the ex- 

 istence of a God, and most of them belonged to 

 the established church. Many of them are de- 



