JANUARY 11, 1884.] 
successful in Great Britain through the efforts 
of Siemens, and in France by application of 
the Siemens furnace to this use by Martin. 
The Landore steel-works, started at Landore, 
Wales, in 1868, were the first to make steel 
by the Siemens methods on a considerable 
scale; and it was there that the great engi- 
neer conducted the more successful experi- 
ments of later 
years. 
_ The tastes 
and the studies 
of the brothers 
led them, at 
an early date, 
to the exami- 
nation of the 
lines of devel- 
opment of ap- 
plied electrici- - 
ty. In 1848, 
or earlier, they 
became inter- 
ested in tele- 
graph - work, 
and both 
Charles and 
Werner began 
to apply their 
inventive tal- 
ents to the 
production of 
telegraph in- 
struments and 
apparatus of 
various kinds 
used in elec- 
trical measure- 
~ments. Ten 
years later 
the firm of 
Siemens & 
Halske, of 
Berlin and of 
London, was 
formed; and 
they soon be- 
came the most 
extensive man- 
ufacturers of electrical apparatus in Europe. 
They began the construction of submarine tele- 
graph-cables at an early date, and established, 
later, factories at Woolwich, England, and in 
Berlin and St. Petersburg. They finally built 
up their business to such an extent that it be- 
came necessary to havea large steamer constant- 
ly and exclusively employed in laying down their 
cables. The Faraday, named for their early 
SCIENCE. 
35 
friend, was constructed under the direction of 
Dr. Siemens, and has been since employed in 
the laying of the principal long cables under 
the Atlantic, in the Pacific, and under parts 
of the Indian Ocean. From this branch of 
electrical work to that of electric lighting was 
but a short step for these great men; and they 
have, during the past half-dozen years, been as 
well known for 
their success in 
the introduc- 
tion of the Sie- 
mens system of 
lighting, and 
for inventions 
of apparatus 
and machinery 
in connection 
with it, as for 
their earlier in- 
ventions in 
other fields. 
All successful 
dynamo - elec- 
tric machines 
have the Sie- 
mens arma-~ 
ture; that 
method of 
winding, and 
its peculiar 
form, being es- 
pecially fitted 
for introduc- 
tion into the 
modern forms 
of dynamo. 
Their lamp 
has proved to 
be one of the 
best in use; 
and a multi- 
tude of details, 
worked out 
with character- 
istic ingenuity 
and care, has 
z given their 
system, as a 
whole, a completeness, and a degree of per- 
fection in operation, which have contributed 
in no small degree to the fame of Dr. Siemens. 
The wonderful combination of scientific knowl- 
edge with practical experience and information 
possessed by Siemens made him eminent in 
every department of application to which he 
chose to turn his attention. His success in 
raising capital for large operations was due to 
