FEBRUARY 1, 1884.] 
was taught by Siebold, Huxley, Gegenbaur, Semper, 
ete. Recently discussion of the subject has been re- 
opened by the appearance of numerous papers. Mr. 
Justus Carriére in several papers maintains that no 
pori aquiferi exist in the lamellibranch foot. Her- 
mann Griesbach, last spring, in a careful paper 
(Zeitschr. wiss. zool., 38), reviewed the whole subject, 
studying by sections and injections, and concluded 
that the molluscan vascular system was not closed, 
that the blood wandered in the lacunar tissues of the 
body-cavity, that large lacunar spaces communicated 
directly with the exterior through aquiferous pores in 
the foot, and that these pores were for the reception of 
water to be carried out through the Bojanus organ. 
He figures sections of Anodonta where the surface- 
epithelium of the foot bends up into the opening of 
the pores (there are three in Anodonta), and fades 
out as the pore opens into the lacunar body-cavity. 
During last October two quite independent papers 
appeared simultaneously upon the other side. Dr. 
Cattie, in Zool. anzeiyer, vi., No. 151, p. 562, claims 
to have cut a complete series of about twenty-five 
hundred consecutive transverse sections through the 
foot of Anodonta. In no one of these was there any 
break in the epithelium. He has studied twenty-three 
species, and in no one finds the least trace of aquifer- 
ous pore. Dr. Th. Barrois, in a private imprint from 
Lille, dated Oct. 30, 1883, arrives at the same results. 
He discusses the work of Carriére and himself, and 
finds that they have studied most of the forms where 
the presence of aquiferous pores has been claimed, 
and in every case find pores absent, or in such position 
that it seems they are either connected with the func- 
tional byssogenous organ, or, where such is absent, in 
the aduct, with the remnant of the same. Barrois 
sums up his views thus: no pores exist for the intro- 
duction of water into the circulation; the only pores 
of the foot are those connected with the byssus organ, 
which never communicates with the interior of the 
foot. 
but this must be effected by osmosis, or in some man- 
ner not now to be discussed. H. L. Osporn. 
THE BORDERLAND OF SCIENCE AND 
BAIT H. 
Walks in the regions of science and faith: a series of 
essays. By Harvey Goopwin, D.D., Lord Bishop 
of Carlisle. London, Murray, 1883. 3810p. 8°. 
Natural law in the spiritual world. By Henry 
Drummond, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. New York, 
James Pott. (Apparently sheets of the English 
edition.) 414 p. 12°. 
Tue ‘science’ of these regions is of course 
physical science ; the ‘ faith’ is the theistic and 
more specifically the Christian faith. These 
‘walks’ are taken along the borders of the two. 
Normally, the course of this journal of science 
lies quite away from this borderland, which, 
indeed, has not always been an agreeable road 
for a scientific man to travel. Of late, how- 
SCIENCE. 
The blood may have water introduced into it, 
131 
ever, a better understanding has made it 
pleasanter than it was for the peaceably dis- 
posed naturalist. And the Bishop of Carlisle, 
a trained mathematician as well as a divine, 
whose thoughtful essays are essentially irenical, 
is an instructive companion in an excursion 
‘¢through that land which belongs exclusively 
neither to science nor to faith, but appertains 
more or less to both.’’ A book ‘‘ which opens 
with an essay on the connection between me- 
chanics and geometry, which closes with a 
funeral sermon preached in Westminster Ab- 
bey,’’ and the larger part of which had already 
appeared in widely read periodicals, — some 
of the articles being in fact, though not in 
name, of the nature of critical reviews, — hard- 
ly need be, and could not well be, reviewed 
in our journal; yet we are free to give a brief 
account of it, enough to indicate its lines of 
thought. 
The first essay, on the connection between 
mechanics and geometry, is a modified re- 
print of a paper which was published almost 
forty years ago. The point made is, that these 
two sciences are essentially identical, being 
developments in different subject-matters of 
the selfsame ideas. The moral is, ‘‘ that all 
demonstrations tend to merge in intuition, and 
that human knowledge, as it becomes more 
clear and more thorough, converges toward 
that absolute intuition which is the attribute 
of the Divine Mind.’’ This idea is further 
worked out in the second essay (entitled ‘ The 
unity of nature, a speculation,’ which ap- 
peared in the Nineteenth century in 1879), in 
which it is argued, that as the schoolboy be- 
gins by painfully proving the simpler theorems 
in geometry, and ends by perceiving that they 
are really self-evident, and that as all the prop- 
ositions of Euclid appeared intuitively true to 
Sir Isaac Newton, ‘‘it is quite conceivable, 
by merely extending in imagination the powers 
of which we have actual experience, that all 
geometrical truth in any department might 
exhibit itself without intermediate steps of 
demonstration to a mind of sufficient acute- 
ness, when the appropriate definitions had 
been given. To a mind like that of 
Newton, I should imagine that the principles 
of mechanics would present themselves almost 
in the same self-evident light as those of ge- 
ometry.’’ And ‘‘ that possibly, as the truths 
of geometry help us to realize those of me- 
chanics, we may use the truths of mechanics 
to help us to realize some of the truths of the 
more subtle sciences, say, even that of bi- 
ology.’? And the speculation, fortified and 
illustrated by mathematical analogies, goes on 
