FEBRUARY 1, 1884.] 
from which the proposition is regarded ; that 
the assumption made, ‘‘ that the preservation 
of the individual and the continuance of the 
species are the final causes of the organization of 
an animal,’’ is quite on a par with the old-fash- 
ioned teleology which is nowadays justly repro- 
bated ; that, at any rate, the pleasure which 
the crayfish apparently takes in watching for 
and capturing his prey is something quite dis- 
tinct from ‘ work done by an organism ;’ and 
that, ‘‘ if pleasure of some kind be denied to the 
crayfish, contrary to all appearances, I do not 
know at what point in the scale of animal life 
pleasure is to be admitted as a factor. If to 
speak of mind as a factor in work done be an 
absurdity in the case of a crayfish, is it not an 
absurdity in the case of a dog, or even in the 
case of a man?’’ And he proceeds to vindi- 
cate the delight of existence as one of the ends 
for which animals exist. 
This idea, and the vindication of the mind 
of brutes, have a prominent place in the next 
following essay, on ‘ Man’s place in nature.’ 
‘Law, physical and moral,’ is the topic in the 
sixth essay, in which a passage from Hooker’s 
‘ Ecclesiastical polity ’ is set over against one 
from the Duke of Argyll’s ‘ Reign of law.’ 
We need not continue our analysis, which is 
already longer than was intended : indeed, there 
is less occasion to continue ; for the remaining 
articles, being popular addresses reproduced, 
are less thorough, however sensible. Even 
the last essay, on ‘ Evolution and evolution,’ 
and the appreciative funeral sermon for Charles 
Darwin preached in Westminster Abbey on the 
Sunday following his burial there, need not de- 
tain us. 
The noteworthy thing, to which this vol- 
ume adds its testimony, is this: that thought- 
ful churchmen are following the example of 
thoughtful men of science. ‘They are accept- 
ing the scientific principle of evolution as a 
working-hypothesis, — trying it, as naturalists 
and physicists have done, in their several lines 
of research and thought, and with somewhat 
similar results. The new science is accepted 
with complacency, if not with welcome, by the 
discerning. The questionable philosophy, in 
which it has too often been dressed, is exam- 
ined and exposed. 
Tue second book named above appears to 
have excited considerable attention in England. 
Like the volume we have just noticed, it is an 
excursion into the borderland of science and 
faith, but with a difference. The divine is the 
more scientific, the layman and naturalist (for 
SCIENCE. 
133 
such we take him to be), the more homiletical 
of the two. The one picks his way along the 
ground with firm but cautious and carefully 
chosen steps: the other soars into the air. The 
one discriminates between science and faith, 
and in his book guards rather than enters upon 
the field of morals: the other seeks to identify 
the two, and in a novel way. He has discoy- 
ered that natural laws, meaning the principles 
of physics and biology, extend to the spiritual 
world, and help us to understand it. He does 
not mean that there are analogies between the 
two, which may be profitable for instruction, 
but identities; that ‘in the spiritual world,’ 
to use his own figure, ‘the same wheels re- 
volve, but without the iron.’ And the laws to 
which he refers are the principle of continuity, 
of conformity to type, action of environment 
as causing variation, the adage omne vivum ex 
vivo, possibly even gravitation, if there be 
any thing for it to act upon; and, if there is 
nothing for these laws to act upon, ‘‘it is not 
the law that fails, but opportunity.’? We 
cannot look upon this as any great improve- 
ment upon Swedenborg’s ‘ law of correspond- 
ences ;’ and, as the helpfulness of the book is 
entirely upon the religious side, we need not 
further notice a volume which attracted us by 
its title, but which we find to be morally edify- 
ing rather than scientifically satisfying. 
BACTERIA, AND THE GERM-THEORY 
OF DISEASE. 
On the relations of micro-organisms to disease. The 
‘Cartwright lectures, 1883. By WixiraM T. BEL- 
FIELD, M.D. Chicago, Keener, 1883. 131 p., 
illustr. 24°. 
Bacteria, and the germ-theory of disease. Eight lec- 
tures by Dr. H. Grapue. Chicago, Keener, 
1883. 44219p. 8°. 
Dr. BeErierp’s little book is cheaply gotten 
up, and, beyond the possession of a few poor 
woodcuts, seems to be his original lectures, four 
in number, delivered before the Alumni associa- 
tion of the College of physicians and surgeons 
in New York in February, 1883. Even the 
phraseology of the lecture-room is apparently 
preserved throughout, and is sometimes decid- 
edly more forcible than polite. Nevertheless, 
these four lectures, making in all about one 
hundred and thirty pages, give an admirable 
summary of the germ-theory of disease as it 
stood a yearago. Beginners or casual readers, 
perhaps, will not find the book diffuse enough ; 
but pathologists and biologists will prize it for 
its lucidity, crispness, and keen discrimina- 
tions. 
