484 
LOCALIZATION IN THE BRAIN. 
SINCE 1870, when Fritsch and Hitzig showed that 
the cortex of the brain was excitable, physiologists 
have been actively experimenting on it. Thus far, 
investigation has given rise to two theories regarding 
the function of this gray matter. One theory looks 
upon it as the seat of the higher intellectual activities: 
the other, considering it as a sort of mosaic composed 
of small areas, looks upon each area as possessing some 
definite function, either sensory or motor. Moreover, 
such is the nature of these areas, according to this 
theory of localization, that, if they be stimulated, per- 
fectly definite movements or sensations are excited, 
while, if they be destroyed, the movements or sen- 
sations over which they preside are abolished. 
At the International medical congress held in 
London in the summer of 1881, these views were 
both ably represented; the former being supported 
by Professor Goltz of Strasburg, while Dr. Ferrier 
and Professor Yeo, both of London, represented the 
latter. Goltz had a dog, and Ferrier a monkey. 
The animals were exhibited before the physiological 
section of the congress, and each investigator stated 
his conclusions as based on the animals presented. 
Both animals were then killed, and their brains 
placed for examination in the hands of an eminent 
committee, consisting of Dr. 
Gowers, Dr. Klein, Prof. E. A. 
Schaefer, and Mr. J. N. Langley. 
The reports of this committee 
have recently been published in 
the Journal of physiology (vol. 
iv. Nos. 4 and 5); and, having 
now before us this complete de- 
scription of the lesions, it is 
possible to estimate the value of 
the peculiarities exhibited by the 
animals while alive. 
The dog presented by Goltz 
had been subjected, between No- 
vember, 1880, and May, 1881, to 
five operations. By these a large 
portion of the cortex of both 
hemispheres had been washed 
away with a stream of water. 
Casually observed, this dog 
showed nothing abnormal in its 
bearing. It ran round the room, 
wagging its tail and_ sniffing 
about, as any dog is apt to do in 
a strange place. Its expression, 
however, was stupid, and its gait 
heavy; but it appeared to pos- 
sess all its senses, and have control over all its mus- 
cles, — two points which are to be emphasized as of 
fundamental importance in the present discussion. 
This dog was, however, quite different in many ways 
from a normal dog. In travelling about, it avoided 
not only real objects obstructing its path, but those 
which were not real, —such, for instance, as a spot 
of sunlight on the floor, or a bit of white cloth 
spread flat. 
SCIENCE. 
[Vox. III, No. 63. 
Fear was apparently absent. The cracking of a 
whip and threatening gestures produced no effect; 
and, when an angry, spitting cat was held up to test 
the impression which it would make on this dog, it 
calmly began to lick the cat’s face. It would eat 
dog’s flesh, something which a normal dog is said not 
todo. When pent behind a low fence, it made no 
systematic effort to get out, although it apparently 
wanted to do so; the difficulty seeming to be that 
it did not know how. 
Without further continuing the list of variations 
from the normal, it can be briefly said that this dog, 
though possessing his senses and not paralyzed, had 
yet lost something which goes to make up the differ- 
ence between an intelligent and a stupid animal; or, 
to quote Goltz, there was a weakness of perception. 
The conclusions which Goltz drew from the actions 
of his dog are too obvious to need statement. 
The monkey presented by Ferrier had been operated 
on seven months before. At that time what Ferrier 
calls the motor zone —a region about the fissure of 
Rolando — had been destroyed on the left side. This 
was done with a thermo-cautery. In the animal as 
exhibited, there was weakness in the right leg, and 
the position of the right arm was abnormal. No 
voluntary use of either of the limbs on that side had 
been noticed since the operation. Otherwise the 
Right side of dog’s brain, after Langley, slightly altered. I., first convolution; IL., 
second convolution; III., third convolution; IV., fourth convolution; A C, anterior 
composite convolution; P C, posterior composite convolution; O ZL, olfactory lobe; 
OR, orbital lobe; P&, Prorean convolution; U, uncinate convolution. 
numbered 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, represent areas localized by Ferrier on the brain 
of the dog, and have been taken from his fig 32, ‘ The functions of the brain,’ p. 149. 
The broken line encloses the region which the lesion is known certainly to have cov- 
ered, and within which all the gray matter of the cortex had been removed. 
The circles 
monkey was quite well. Dr. Ferrier briefly stated 
that he considered this paralysis as due to the destruc- 
tion of the motor zone of the cortex, which presided 
over the muscles on the right side of,the body, the 
destruction of which would, according to the theory 
of localization, produce this effect. It now remained 
for the post-mortem to show what were! the lesions 
in both these cases. 
Mr. Langley, to whom the right{brain of the dog 
