APRIL 18, 1884.] 
- was given, has made avery thoroughreport, Indeed, 
he reviewed the whole subject of the fissures and 
convolutions of the dog’s brain before giving his 
observations in this particular case. His main con- 
clusions are perhaps best indicated by a figure show- 
ing the extent of the lesion. This is traced on a 
schematic outline representation of the right hemi- 
sphere seen from the side. 
In some places doubt as to the exact extent of the 
lesion rose from the obliteration of some of the fis- 
sures, and a possible dragging of the brain during 
cicatrization. The region enclosed within the dotted 
line in the accompanying figure leaves out all the 
doubtful points, and includes the part only which is 
certainly known to be covered by the lesion. 
In order plainly to indicate the significance of this 
injury, some areas localized for the dog’s brain by 
Ferrier have been inserted in the figure in positions 
which are approximately correct. The number of 
these areas involved, as can be seen at a glance, is 
very large. 
The left brain of the dog was examined by Dr. 
Klein. Without going into the details of his report, 
it may be stated that the extent of the lesion was 
rather less than that on the right side. The destruc- 
tion of the gray matter did not extend quite so far 
forwards, nor so far towards the base, but it was still 
extensive enough to include some two-thirds of the 
areas which were embraced by the lesion on the op- 
posite side. 
If, then, the theory of localization were correct, we 
should have expected to find this dog largely para- 
lyzed on both sides of his body, and blind in both 
eyes. That this was not the case, the actions of the 
animal plainly showed. ‘There was some degener- 
ation found in the deeper parts of the brain, but it 
was apparently of little importance. 
The brain of the monkey was examined by Professor 
Schaefer. The lesion was found quite strictly con- 
fined to the motor zone. It thus covered an oval re- 
gion, occupying about the middle third of the brain, 
and bisected transversely by the fissure of Rolando, the 
ends of which extend beyond the oval on both sides. 
Beneath this, in the medullary centre, was a second- 
ary lesion having about the same extent. ‘The basal 
ganglia were not involved. But the very important 
fact was developed, that the pyramidal tract connected 
with the left side of the brain had undergone Wal- 
lerian degeneration through its whole extent, while 
there was also found an unexplained tract of degen- 
eration in the left lateral column of the cervical cord. 
These deep lesions being discovered, it became at 
once impossible to decide whether the effects observed 
in the monkey were due to a removal of a certain 
portion of the cortex or not; so that it cannot be con- 
sidered that in this case the monkey presented by 
Ferrier furnishes any evidence in favor of localization. 
From the dog, on the other hand, which was ex- 
hibited by Goltz, the conclusion is warranted, that 
large portions of the cortex can be removed without 
producing any of those effects which would be ex- 
pected if the theory of localization were true; and at 
the same time there is some reason to believe that 
SCIENCE. 
485 
the removal of portions of the cortex diminishes 
general intelligence. 
We have discussed but two experiments, and they 
in themselves are not sufficient ground for any gener- 
alization; yet the position in the scientific world, of 
all concerned, is such as to render these particular 
observations of more than usual importance in the 
history of this interesting question, and hence worth 
some passing attention. 
Henry H. DONALDSON. 
THE WINTER OF 1879-80 IN EUROPE. 
THE meteorological conditions which characterized 
this phenomenally cold winter have been carefully 
studied by M. Teisserenc de Bort. There are but 
few as severe winters in a century, while the month 
of December was the coldest on record at Paris. 
This exceptional cold was due to, 1°, the position of 
the maximum pressure; 2°, the clearness of the sky; 
3°, the presence of snow upon the ground; 4°, the 
calm which prevailed. These conditions were united 
for twenty-seven consecutive days. Proceeding from 
the characteristics of this. particular season, the 
author discusses the subject of the persistence of 
areas of high and low pressure in certain localities, 
and the resulting weather phenomena. These ‘cen- 
tres of atmospheric action’ destroy the parallelism of 
isobars and isotherms with the equator, and control 
the prevailing winds. Thus, an area of high pressure 
generally prevails in Siberia in winter, and a similar 
area at about 35° north latitude in the Atlantic, near 
Madeira. The displacement of these maxima produces 
modifications in the weather of the whole of Europe, 
causing these abnormal seasons. Three types of cold 
weather may be recognized: 1°, that characterized by 
the displacement of the Asiatic maximum towards 
Europe, in which the weather is dry and quite cold; 
2°, that characterized by the removal of the Ma- 
deira maximum towards France and Europe, with 
low areas in Tobolsk and near the Azores, in which 
cold and calm weather prevail; 3°, that characterized 
by the displacement of the Madeira maximum north- 
ward, with relatively low pressures over central 
Europe and the Mediterranean, and giving rise to 
cold with dampness and snowfall. 
Similarly, two types of mild weather may be noted: 
1°, that characterized by low pressures in northern 
Europe, with the displacement of the Madeira high 
area towards Spain and the Mediterranean; 2°, that 
characterized by a general spreading of high pressure 
eastward to its maximumin Russia. These types are 
hardly distinct enough to be classed separately: both 
are accompanied by south-west or west winds, bring- 
ing warm and moist air from the ocean. While the 
fact of the controlling influence of barometric areas 
is fully recognized, it is not so easy to account for the 
displacements which are observed. The author sup- 
poses that these are due to changes in the thermic 
condition of different regions of the globe, but does 
not attempt to further investigate this subject. If it 
were possible to foretell the barometric conditions of 
