068 
turf again covered with from three to four feet 
of snow, which should be continuous with the 
snow-walls or snow-heaps placed along the 
sides of the ship. I give (fig. 3) my idea of 
a ship fixed for winter, shown in cross-section. 
The ‘house’ is of inclined boards, covered 
Dy & 
Winter. 
K1G. 3.— SECTION OF WINTERING SHIP: 
with canvas, and again covered with dry turf. 
Inside it is lined with cheap canvas holding six 
or eight inches of ‘ mineral wool,’ or other light 
cheap non-conductor ; and this passes over just 
above the heads of the occupants. ‘The snow- 
huts are shown by their cross-section of block- 
work. the inner air-space, a, being hermetically 
sealed, as far as it is 
possible with snow to do 
so. The second air- 
SCIENCE. 
Iee-block for 
, window. 
from the cabin-fioor, and the companion-way 
will purify the lighter gases at the ceiling. 
Such a stovepipe as shown will obviate the 
great collection of frozen moisture around it, 
the descending cold air preventing the escap- 
ing warmth from melting contiguous snow and 
ice. The clock-work should 
be susceptible of regulation 
according to will, and run for 
at least twelve hours. At its 
exit from the outer dome of 
snow, the larger pipe should 
stop short of the smaller or 
inner, and be protected by a 
shown in fig. 6. Light is 
secured by large thick blocks 
of ice placed in the sides of 
this ‘house’ at convenient in- 
tervals. If an ‘igloo’ dome 
_ be thrown over the vessel 
according to the proposed 
plan, the slabs of ice in it 
should directly face the double 
glass windows in the house 
proper. 
If turf or canvas is not em- 
ployed in the usual methods, the temperature of 
the house must be kept below freezing, or the 
continual melting of the snow, forming pools of 
ice on the ship’s deck, will be disagreeable in 
the extreme. A housing solely of canvas, as 
has often been employed, prohibits the use of a 
thick layer of non-conducting snow or turf, and, 
space, c, should be left 
open on warm days, that 
is, above —10° F. to 
— 20°. The house should 
run the whole length of 
the vessel, but be divid- 
ed into two rooms for 
officers and men, and 
with only one door lead- 
ing out, and that from 
the men’s room. The 
stove in the cabin should 
have its draught flush 
with the level of the floor, and its stove- 
pipe within another of three or four inches more 
radius, and a propeller-blade ventilator run by 
clock-work in the latter to ‘ suck’ air into the 
cabin. ‘This will be the main source of venti- 
lation, warming the air as it enters, and also 
protecting the ship from possible fire from the 
chimney. The draught will remove all foul air 
Kie. 4. — TEGETTHOFF WINTERING. 
except during a wind, it is but little better 
than no protection at all. The housing should 
extend the whole length of the ship if possible ; 
but if cut short at the middle portion, a not 
unusual method to save lumber, the exposed 
deck should be treated to a covering of snow 
and turf similar to that placed on the-house. 
Where moss or turf is not to be had, fine sand 
[Vox. IIL, Nowmena 
roof springing out from it, as — 
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