686. SCIENCE. 
same behavior marked the spinning of the cushion, 
in the middle of which the eggs had been deposited. 
The ideas of the observer as to the cocooning habits 
of Lycosa were very much confused by an observa- 
tion so opposed to the universal experience. Upon 
resuming the study after the lapse of an hour and a 
half, he was once more assured of being right by the 
sight of a round silken ball dangling from the apex 
of the spider’s abdomen, held fast by a short thread 
to the spinnerets. The cushion, however, had dis- 
appeared. The mystery, as it had seemed, was 
solved: the lycosid, after having placed her eggs in 
the centre of the silken cushion, and covered them 
over, had gathered up the edges, and so united and 
rolled them as to make the normal globular cocoon 
of her genus, which she at once tucked under her 
abdomen in the usual way. This was a most inter- 
esting observation, whieh Dr. McCook believed had 
not before been made. The manner of fabrication of 
the cocoon of Lycosa had been heretofore unknown 
to him, and, by reason of her subterranean habit, the 
opportunity to observe it was of rare occurrence. He 
had often wondered how the round egg-ball was put 
together, and the mechanical ingenuity and simpli- 
city of the method were now apparent. The period 
consumed in the whole act of cocooning was less 
than four hours: the act of ovipositing took less 
than half an hour. Shortly after the egg-sac was 
finished, the mother cut her way out of the silken 
cover. She had evidently thus secluded herself for 
the purpose of spinning her cocoon. 
Dr. McCook also alluded to another interesting 
fact in the life-history of the Lycosa, which had been 
brought to his attention by Mr. Alan Gentry. A 
slab of ice having been cut from the frozen surface 
of a pond about eight or ten feet from the bank, 
several spiders were observed running about in the 
water. They were passing underneath the surface, 
between certain water-plants. It is remarkable to 
find these creatures thus living in full health and 
activity, in midwinter, within the waters of a frozen 
pond, and so far from the bank, in which the bur- 
rows of their congeners are commonly found. It has 
been believed heretofore, and doubtless it is gen- 
erally true, that the lycosids winter in deep burrows 
in the ground, sealed up tightly to maintain a higher 
temperature. 
CALDERWOOD’S MIND AND BRAIN. 
The relations of mind and brain. By Henry Cat- 
DERWOOD, LL.D., professor of moral philoso- 
phy, University of Edinburgh. Second edition. 
ponden, Macmillan & Co., 1884. 20 + 527 p. 
Ir is a striking comment upon the complete 
change of stand-point assumed by psycholo- 
gists, to find an eminent Scotch metaphysician 
giving up one-half of a work upon the mind to 
the consideration of the anatomy and physi- 
ology of the brain. That he is in accord with 
the prevailing tone of thought, both among 
(Vou. III, No. 70. 
general readers and among special students, is 
proved by the fact that a second edition of this 
work has been demanded. 
Dr. Calderwood presents the results of recent 
investigation in two sciences, — physiology and 
psychology, both animal and human; and his 
work is in the main successful, because the 
author possesses the power of impartial judg- 
ment, which enables him to admit all the evi- 
dence before pronouncing a decision, and also 
the power of making a clear statement of both 
scientific facts and philosophical problems. 
Those who desire to ascertain the kind of work 
which is being done in the comparatively new 
department of physiological psychology will 
find the book of great service. ‘The subject 
‘¢has to do with the foundation questions for 
all mental philosophy ; for current theories con- 
cerning the origin and development of life on 
the earth, and speculation affecting the order 
and government of the universe as a whole, 
have more or less bearing upon it ’’ (p. 9). 
In the earlier chapters, the author succeeds 
in giving a clear and interesting account of 
a dry and complex subject, — the comparative 
anatomy of the nervous system. He then pro- 
ceeds to the physiology of its various parts, 
devoting particular attention to the question of 
the localization of functions in the brain. The 
existence of definite areas upon the surface of 
the brain, whose irritation produces motion 
of the limbs, or sensations, according to the 
area irritated, and whose destruction produces 
a loss of the power of motion or sensation in 
the corresponding organs, is no longer a mat- 
ter of question. By confining his attention to 
the researches of Ferrier, and by omitting the 
equally important and more recent conclusions 
of Munk of Berlin, Dr. Calderwood has failed 
to give a complete review of the physiological 
facts at present known. Had he ascertained 
the position reached by pathologists from the 
study of cases of limited centres of disease in 
the brain of man, he would have admitted more 
freely the existence of localizable areas in the 
hum'an cerebrum. In his chapter on brain-dis- 
orders, he omits to mention a large class of 
cases which have a bearing on this subject ; 
viz., cases in which a small destruction of brain- 
substance has been accompanied by a loss of 
one function, the function affected depending 
upon the situation of the disease. In this con- 
nection, Dr. Calderwood repeats a statement 
of Sir Charles Bell, that ‘‘ whole masses of 
brain in man may be destroyed without any 
immediate influence upon mind’’ (p. 51). As 
a matter of fact, careful examination of such 
cases will rarely fail to demonstrate the pres- — 
