10 
done mainly to immature and diseased seed. Nobbe! also reports that 
wheat, rye, barley, timothy, Swedish clover, and mustard seed soaked 
in 0.1, 0.5, and 1 per cent solutions were retarded in their germination 
when grown on filter paper, and also calls attention to the injury done 
to the radicle. In the case of treated timothy seed no roots were 
developed even after several weeks. 
Sorauer,’ quoting Dreisch, says that wheat soaked in copper solu- 
tions is late in germinating, that sometimes the first leaf does not 
unfold, and that the injury to the root is marked. 
Henslow, quoted by L. H. Bailey, claims that copper sulphate will 
cause no injury to the germination of wheat. 
Larbaletrier* soaked wheat for six hours in a solution of copper sul- 
phate, the strength of which is not given, and twelve days after plant- 
ing the seed found 74 per cent had germinated. ; 
A. Voelcker?® says that no objection can be urged against the use of 
Copper sulphate as a preventive of wheat smut. 
James Fletcher ° recommends as the best treatment for smutted wheat 
1 pound of copper sulphate for each 4 bushels of wheat. The copper 
is dissolved in 5 quarts of water and the seed soaked for ten minutes, 
or until all the solution is absorbed. rales 
Shutt? soaked wheat for thirty-six hours in a solution of 1 pound of 
copper sulphate to 8 gallons of water, and found that the germination 
was injured. When the solution was diluted to one-third the above 
strength the effect was still strongly marked. The seed was allowed 
to dry for thirteen days before planting, and to this much of the injury 
was probably due. 
S. A. Bedford ® says that wheat treated with copper sulphate at the 
rate of 1 pound to 5 to 10 bushels gave less smut, a larger yield, and a 
heavier product than untreated seed. 
A. Mackay® treated very badly smutted seed wheat with copper sul- 
phate. He used 1 pound in 3 gallons of water on 5, 7, and 10 bushels, 
pouring the solution over the grain until all was absorbed. The harvest 
from the treated seed was two days earlier, from 7 to 10 bushels more 
per acre, and 2 to 4 pounds per bushel heavier than on the untreated 
plats. 
E. W. Hilgard?® recommends soaking wheat in a saturated solution 
for three minutes. He claims that if a weaker solution is used the seed 
1 Samenkunde, p. 274. 
* Pflanzenkrankheiten, Vol. II, p. 205. 
3 Mich. Ag]. Expt. Sta. Rept., 1887, p. 133. 
*L’Italia Agricola, 1887, p.397; Just’s Bot. Jahresb., 1888, p. 12. 
> Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc., 14, ser. 2, 1878, p. 252. 
6 Canada Expt’] Farms, Bull. No. 3. 
7Canada Expt’l Farms Rept., 1890, p. 146. 
SCanada Expt’l Farms Rept., 1893, p. 238. 
* Canada Expt’l Farms Rept., 1893, p. 278. 
10U.S. Dept. Agr. Rept., 1887, p. 278. 
