COLD FRAMES, HOTBEDS AND PLANTING TABLE. 3 
HOT-BEDS AND COLD FRAMES 
CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT 
It is frequently desirable, in fact with most growers usu- 
ally necessary, to have some means of starting certain varie- 
ties of flower and vegetable seeds outside during the early 
months of the year when the temperature out of doors is still 
below freezing, and to have some means also of protecting 
tender seedling plants from the frosts of late spring. The 
cold frame and hotbed in such cases are practically indis- 
pensable. It is the purpose of a hotbed to provide bottom heat 
or a higher temperature to stock growing im it than that of 
the air outside. The cold frame simply wards off cold winds, 
Keeps off snows, and by absorbing and conserving the heat of 
the sun affords to its contents a higher or milder atmospheric 
temperature than that outside. 
USES. 
The uses to which both may be put will depend entirely 
upon the owner’s needs, but they will be found most service- 
able for early sowing of vegetable and flower seeds requiring 
a long season to mature, (such vegetables as Cabbage, Cauli- 
flower, Celery, Leek, Tomatoes, etc., require early sowing,) for 
the transpanting of seedlings previously sown in flats or pans 
in the house and for the winter protection of young perennials 
or of vegetables for winter use from seed sown in the summer 
and, transplanted to the frame in the fall. Harly beets and 
onions may be had; after early crops are off cucumbers, 
melons and other crops delighting in a rich, deep and well- 
drained soil may be satisfactorily grown. The soil in the 
frame should be from 4 to 6 inches deep in front, should be 
light, rich, well pulverized and raked smooth and level. On 
warm days the sash should be lifted at the back to provide 
fresh air and to keep a more or less uniform temperature, one 
of the essentials in the successful operation of a cold frame or 
hotbed. 
THE HOTBED. 
In preparing a manure bed for the hotbed, a space 10 inches 
or a foot larger each way than the dimensions of the frame 
should be cleared, and the pile or bed should be carefully and 
compactly built up on this space to a height of 18 inches or 2 
feet. The higher, the longer the life of the bed. Manure con- 
taining one-third to one-half straw is preferable. It should 
be forked over, shaken apart and distributed as evenly as pos- 
sible over the space and over the surface of the pile as it is 
built up. It is a good plan, if the manure is dry, to moisten it 
slightly, pile it up and allow it to heat for a few days before 
making the permanent bed. As the bed is being made, the 
manure should be firmly packed with the fork, and after heat- 
ing for a few days should be thoroughly and evenly tramped 
down and given a level surface for the reception of the frame 
and soil for which it is now ready. 
MANAGEMENT. 
The management of the bed in operation requires close at- 
tention and study. The temperature especially must be dili- 
gently watched, and air “put on” “and taken off’? as occasion 
demands. Success is largely dependent upon the maintenance 
of a uniform temperature approximating or a little higher 
than that of the best outdoor growing weather. Watering and 
spraying are also important, and the “hardening off” process 
preparatory to setting plants outside requires constant atten- 
tion and care. Air should be given whenever the weather per- 
mits. During cold nights the sash should be covered with 
burlap or straw mats to prevent the temperature from dropping 
too low. All watering should be done in the morning (prefer- 
ably with slightly warmed water) so that the plants will be 
thoroughly dry before night when ‘the glass is lowered; exces- 
sive moisture on cold nights very often causes ‘damping off.” 
CONSTRUCTION OF THE COLD FRAME. 
The usual width—that is, from front to back—is 6 ft., and 
the length, each unit usually not over 12 ft., is some multiple 
of 3. This is to accommodate the standard size hotbed sash. 
The height at the back may be 12 to 18 inches, and in front 8 
to 14 inches. A two-by-four tie, flush with the top edges of 
the front and back boards and preferably carrying a one-by- 
two strip to separate each sash from the next, is nailed across 
at 3 foot intervals. Allowance should be made for the thick- 
ness of the strips as there should be a 3 foot clearance between 
each: strip. Strips at each end will prevent the end sashes 
from slipping over the sides. The sash can be secured from 
any sash factory, or can be made by a local carpenter. The 
sash bars run lengthwise. Six-by-eight glass is used and in 
glazing the lights should overlap each other so as to shed 
water. The frame. when completed, should be set in some 
sheltered, well-drained and easily accessible location. 
Prices of Sash, Glazed and Unglazed, and of Glass, Furnished Upon Request. 
QUANTITY OF SEED REQUIRED 
GARDEN 
FIELD— Continued. 
Per Acre Quantity per Acre 
Aspanra suse Pita lOzZe) to-60) ft. drill.w4esse so) Lbs: TUPNUps DTLOAACAS UN. 22) forcen. «overs = Syale wielie hous mnie eisilni ele eel ole 5 to 6 Ibs. 
Beans, Dwarf, in drills........1 1b. to 100 ft. drill...... 120 lbs. Essex Rape, broadcast........--+--sse eee e cette eeees 4 to 6 lbs. 
Beans, Pole, in hills........... es ee) (4D JIS eee a ese oooodooS Essex Rape, in drillS.......--..--+-+e-eeee- ASU eo GINO 3 lbs. 
BeetiGarden eect aerate te OZ tOr LOOP tamil lie; e i2)5.- 7 lbs. Potatoes, hills or drills, cut..... sGupocegaouMEKo utc 10 to 14 bus. 
Cabbage, for transplanting...1 oz. to 4,000 plants........ y% lb. Potatoes, hills or drills, cut to single eyes......... 8 to 10 bus. 
. to 2,000 plants....3 to 4 0z. 
. to 100 ft. drill...3 to 4 lbs. 
. to 5,000 to 10,000 plants.... 
GRAINS 
Corn SSWeetin ote ens Pee elbs tona00ehillstaeael2stos 15) lbs: uantit er Acre. Weight per Bus: 
OUMEOIAY oo coconoodsuBup doo ..--1 oz. to 100 ft. drill...2 to 3 lbs. Barley ei ia econ Q Wecalage to Vi, Mpusieescee Seas lbs. 
Cress, Garden ............... 1 oz. to 100 ft. drill............. Buckwheat sacs UDA ARt OSA UStae sae cece 50 Ibs. 
Cucumber, in hills........... 1 oz. to 100 hills......2 to 3 lbs. orn, in hills, to mature...... 12st MISSI DSpe ene ements 56 Ibs. 
Bmdive «22-2202. 2... - ee eee 1 oz. to 100 ft. drill......... os Connsalin tie erences CERT HON. Oe DSi eee ae 56 lbs 
Kohlrabi ..................... 1 oz. to 4,000 plants........4 lbs. Corn, for fodder, in-drills..... XV AKO CAI Al oycinse un aiaiaro idee o.e 56 lbs. 
IANS. O5.o mor 05 6 RO EERO CRORE .---1 oz. to 150 ft. drill............ Corn, for fodder, broadcast....1 to 1% bus.............. 56 lbs. 
Lettuce ...... S000 TREO OC 0 OUT AG 1 oz. to 150 ft. drill............ IMMA MLOTUSEedatcictie ree TEC OM SAU DUS Stee eee ae 56 lbs. 
Melon, Musk, in hills......... 1 oz. to 80 hills....... 2NCONS SIDS WM Oatseccmetiece Lia ake moe UAT KAILA od uaadedoe 32 lbs. 
Melon, Water, in hills..... ---1 oz, to 25 hills....... Sutona DSi ee Peds aims ua dence mee BVSt DMS arhaae eon owas 60 lbs. 
Mushroom Spawn ......... ee LIC Kat Ol ONS OSL tite aie aiepsrs (elete IBA Oe FANN Ho oo oo ooo ma OUD EVA HOE Wo panico one OO Lou 56 lbs. 
Onion, in drills...... puooUeODe 1 oz. to 100 ft. drill...4 to 5 lbs. Rye; for fodder or pasture.:..2 to 214 bus.......2..22 2. cece 
Onion Sets, for planting...... 1 Ib. to 40 ft. drill...8 to 10 bus. Speltz (Emmer) ...........-- GO OTE) MG Ss sb badocsooagoascc 
Parsley, 7.2. oan. Apercbeicichorcistebstevs A OYA Oy alae aCbAUDS Gogo mgoamdon VC CCHS teeth NIE Se SE CSE LAA tom 2ebuSee eee oe 60 lbs. 
ATS UD tee etderteeiels cc) eis s+ ole 1 oz. to 200 ft drill..--5 to 6 lbs. Vetches tor plowinedowmes s20tors DUS cas cls s sicleleirleo sm erences 
Beas ibe Chali BS se octeeaon Rie at Ib. to oat art ee to 2 bus. Wiheat Spring a eee PLE OND A DUSEe ton aati 60 lbs. 
epper ........-...-222-eeeee1 OZ. tO l, TQMEM OSA 6 Ginseieb Bo ad iWiheatuwWinters “een oor 11 1) US steroredncdstenoteiefekeisheletele 
Pumpkin |. t++1 oz to 30 hills. .......3 to, 4 Ibs. Cu Minter. Bore nace 
i nas -1 oz. to t. drill..8 to 10 lbs. 
SOS Sb c Ochs CALORIE Bea i OZ. ic ay ft. Saat Mega ele oct 8 Ibs. CLOVERS AND GRASSES 
pinac Sino OOS He Dito pebtaG -.-1 oz. to 100 ft. drill. .10 to 12 lbs. uantit er Acre. Weight per Bus. 
Squash, bush, in hills....... 7. 1 oz. to 50 hilis....-.. Bh cOMBMIDe Mina talta tic. yen ean Oy SReGeeee be a Be eCOnIGE! 
Squash, vine, in hills......... 1 oz. to 20 hills....... 3 to4 lbs. Clover, Red ...... opuaeEaebe G0: tO RG Wes seticossooeder 60 lbs. 
Tomato, for transplanting....1 oz. to 1,500 plants....... APU RCLOVEST A HAISIKEG) yamiseleyeiaisesetelel ens SHE OMI OM SI conveyors cuties telcs 60 lbs. 
ANULAONS, BECK "GG bbobicoD bbe OK 1 oz. to 150 ft. drill..1% to2lbs. Clover, White ........... Coats HEOMS Shee ee eons 60 lbs. 
| Brome. (Bromus inermis)..... 20 108: Ser traceita avons Oumedono a5 IDS 
4 MVE G TAS Sis wees chev arelions) caste eiieie\ferentn Sener ctekcdeiorelotetonck sevstelts s. 
| FIELD Orchard, drills 98828 Sea ues F< 2B fo SHPIDS see aees cutee Me nas: 
ie a Red Top, drills—Fancy....... SR aidensileiarelecatavenere levi 2 s. 
i. Sunflower, Russian .......... PA at Orel O Orit aril lielesveteini- are cysne Timothy, Cbeanhigae cacao if HRB b Oi ASE GCOM2 ONL Site cereneteneneelere rene 45 lbs. 
SWS JUCCiy in CbaWigjss Sane cn bosooee abo poo ooon Adobe A io) Belles ASC) Soc ouMENAoCAsubOoDSoonoET 1 Coy WNL Msiagsendooasce abo Jos 
Mangel, in drills..... Cmonacrcdsae esoooncedsoaougodCS 4 to 5 lbs. Hungarian Millet ............ A) Gay AO eagencecadeceo 48 lbs. 
Carrot, in drills, for stock SOCKET ag dda oH Oo a od abe 2tol73) libs: Japanese Millet, broadcast....30 Ibs. ..........-- ee eee 36 lbs. 
Turnip, in drills, for stock feeding................ 2 to 3 lbs. Japanese Millet, drills........ Ib A PAY We codboggooe oc 36 lbs. 
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