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berry pickers. It is a characteristic shrub of somewhat open slopes 
and burns in the heavy west-slope forests. 
Lungwort (Mertensia sibirica).—Tlis is a plant of wet situations in 
the west-slope forests and is readily cropped by the sheep. 
Lupine or ten-finger (Lupinus rivularis).—This and other species of 
Lupinus are eagerly eaten by sheep. Lupinus laxiflorus is the one most 
widely distributed. In some parts of the lodgepole pine forest it is 
abundant and an important sheep forage. 
Mountain bunch grass (Festuca vaseyana).—This is considered by 
sheep men the best of all the forage plants in the Cascade Mountains. 
It is confined, so far as observed by us, to the balds west of the main 
crest. 
Oak (Quercus garryana).—When the sheep are driven out of the 
mountains in the autumn in the Mount Hood grazing district, they pass 
through a belt of this oak, which grows mingled with the yellow pines 
at their lower elevations and along the streams at a still lower altitude. 
The trees are then shedding their acorns, which are commonly produced 
in great abundance. The sheep are extremely fond of these acorns and 
they often gorge themselves with them. : 
_ Pea vine (Lathyrus).—Various species of this genus occur throughout 
the Cascades, and almost all of them are readily eaten by sheep and 
are excellent fatteners. Lathyrus oregonensis is abundant in fire glades 
of the lodgepole pine forests. 
Pine grass (Carex pennsylvanica).—This is the most abundant and 
characteristic plant of the fire-glades in the lodgepole pine forests, 
under suitable conditions, as at the southern end of Diamond Lake, 
forming a fairly dense turf. It is not considered a superior forage 
plant for sheep, though when it first shoots up in the spring they 
readily eatit. When the burned area of lodgepole pine is upon a sandy 
soil, the plant is more scattered, and together with a small Stipa is 
known as “sand feed.” Sheep scatter widely upon it, and can with 
difficulty be held together, doubtless searching for more palatable food. 
From the fact that this sedge often grows, thinly, in the lodgepole 
pine forests it is often known as pine grass, a name applied also to 
various other slender grasses tliat grow in the same situation. 
Rose (Rosa gymnocarpa).—This is one of the favorite browsing plants 
for sheep in the heavy wesi slope forests. 
Sedge (Carex).—The larger part of the so-called grasses of which the 
meadows are made up, consists of various species of this genus. Many 
of them are eaten readily by sheep. 
Sunflower (Balsamorhiza deltoidea).—A characteristic plant of the 
yellow-pine forests, said to be an excellent sheep food. 
Sunflower (Wyethia)—A plant abundant toward the northern end 
of the Cascades in the lower elevations of the yellow-pine belt, partic- 
ularly in treeless openings. It is a favorite spring food of sheep. 
Three-leaf or deer-tongue (Achlys triphylla).—One of the character- 
