Dall 
the eastern side of the range and the heavy west slope forest on the 
other side. 
The “‘balds” are comparatively limited in extent and lie altogether, 
so far as observed, on the west slope of the Cascades. They consist of 
the dry summits of spurs and detached peaks, which, though well sup- 
plied with moisture at most seasons, are drained very rapidly when the 
summer drought begins, and become so dry on their summits that they 
will not support a forest growth. The grazing upon these summits is 
excellent and consists largely of what is known as mountain bunch 
grass (Pestuca vaseyanda). 
It should be mentioned here, with reference to the different types of 
sheep-grazing lands above described, that the vegetation is by no means 
uniform over each one. Especially are local differences in vegetation 
due to differences in soil, and wherever the soil is made up of a very 
poor quality of voleanic ash, which renders the surface exceedingly 
dry for the greater part of the summer, underbrush, grasses, and some- 
times all herbaceous vegetation may be almost entirely wanting. Areas 
of this description are frequent both in the lodgepole pine forests and 
at higher elevations in the black hemlock belt. The surprising lack of 
good grazing at or near timber line in the Oregon Cascades, particu- 
larly their more southerly portions, is also attributable chiefly to this 
cause. 
LOCATION OF GRAZING AREAS. 
For convenience of reference, the ranges may be divided into three 
districts—the Mount Hood district, the Three Sisters district, and the 
Upper Deschutes district. The Mount Hood district extends from the 
Columbia River southward to about the latitude of the northern edge of 
the Warm Springs Indian Reservation; the Three Sisters district from 
Mount Jefferson, at the southern edge of this Indian reservation, to 
and including the southern head waters of McKenzie River, about lati- 
tude 44° 10’; and the Upper Deschutes district from the latter line 
southward to and including Diamond Lake, about latitude 43° 5’.. Hach 
of these districts is subdivided into ranges, the principal ones of which 
may be briefly named and located as follows: 
Mount Hood—White River, Gate Creek, Three Mile Creek, Badger 
Creek, Boulder Creek, einen Prairie, Tiere Creek, Clear Lake, 
Ghaenee Buttes, Hood River. 
Three Sie Mount Jefferson, Three-fingered Jack, Fish Lake, 
Mount Washington, McKenzie River, Horse Creek, Three Sisters. 
Upper Deschutes—Willamette Cow Pastures, Crane Prairie, Davis 
Lake, Crescent Lake, Diamond Lake. 
White River: A stream rising on the southeast side of Mount Hood 
and flowing into the Deschutes River. The grazing along this stream 
lies at different elevations and includes almost every type of grazing 
land except balds. It is up through the watershed of White River 
that most of the sheep are driven which are pastured in summer south, 
