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grazed, three (Wasco, Crook, and Klamath) are on the east side of the 
Cascade crest, while four (Clackamas, Linn, Lane, and Douglas) are on 
the west slope. 
A small percentage of the sheep grazed in the reserve, perhaps 15,000 
to 20,000, are known as ‘* Washington sheep.” These are not, as might 
be supposed, sheep owned in the State of Washington, but sheep owned 
in the State of Oregon, which in earlier years were taken across the 
Columbia River into the Cascade Mountains of Washington for the 
summer. In February, 1897, the Washington State legislature passed 
an alleged quarantine law, stipulating a sixty-day quarantine period for 
all sheep entering the State. This was an effectual barrier against the 
sheep from Oregon, and they were compelled to find summer grazing 
south of the Columbia. Many of them went into the Cascade reserve, 
and thus for the past summer have swelled the customary total. 
CHARACTER OF GRAZING LANDS. 
The acreage per sheep required for grazing throughout the summer 
is exceedingly variable, depending on the kind and character of the 
vegetation. In arich meadow, not too wet, half an acre for each sheep 
may be sufficient; in sterile lodgepole pine forests ten acres may be 
required. 
To a herder the plants on which sheep graze are of three classes— 
grass, weeds, and browse. The name ‘‘grass” is applied not only to 
true grasses, but to all plants resembling grass in appearance, espe- 
cially sedges and rushes. Under the head of ‘‘ weeds” are included all 
herbaceous plants that do not have the general appearance of grasses, 
a difference due chiefly to their broader leaves. ‘‘ Browse” is a name 
applied to shrubs and young trees, the leaves and twigs of which are 
eaten by sheep. The vegetation of the different ranges is made up of 
varying combinations of these three classes of forage. 
As characterized by their vegetation, the summer grazing areas of 
the reserve may be classed under four heads—‘ forests,” ‘* burns,” 
“meadows,” and ‘“ balds.” 
The nature of the grazing in the virgin forest land varies, of course, 
with the character of the forests. For present purposes they may be 
divided into three—the yellow-pine forests, the lodgepole pine forests, 
and the heavy west slope forests. The distribution of these forests is 
a matter of climatic conditions dependent upon elevation and upon the 
heavy rainfall on the west slope of the Cascades and the light rain- 
fall of the eastern slope. In general, these conditions are maintained 
throughout the whole length of the State, the-principal exceptions 
occurring where in the lower gaps of the mountains the rainfall condi- 
tions of the west slope lap over upon the eastern slope. 
The yellow-pine forests lie at low elevations along the eastern slope 
of the mountains, and constitute the first timber entered by the sheep 
in approaching the mountains from the plains. The principal species 
* 
