Hardwood Los Grades 



A. STANDARD LUMBER LOGS 



Grade factors 



Diameter, minimum inches- 

 Length, minimum _ feet. 



Clear cuttings, on the 3 best faces: 



Length, minimum do__ 



Number on face, maximum .* 



Yield in face length, minimum 



Sweep and crook deduction, maximum percent. 



Cull deduction, including sweep, maximum do 



Sound end defects, maximum ' 



Grade 1 



Butts only 



13-15 

 10+ 



7 



2 



5/6 



IS 



40 



Butts and 

 uppers 



16-19 



20+ 

 10+ 



3 



2 

 .5/6 

 15 

 40 



Grade 2 



Butts and 

 uppers 



8-11 



11 

 12+ 



3 



3 

 4/6 

 30 

 50 



Grade 3 



Butts and 

 uppers 



8+ 

 8-f- 



3/6 

 50 

 50 



Source: Hardwood Log Grades for Standard Lumber. U. S. Forest Products Lab. No. D17j7-A. 19-19. [Processed.] 



1 Exceptions : Ash and basswood Grade I butts, 12-Inch d. i. b. 



Grade 2, 10-inch d. 1. b. must be Grade 1 surface quality. 



Grade 2, 11-inch d. i. b. limited to 2 cuttings. 



Grade 2, 8- and 9-foot lengths limited to 12-inch d. i. b.; ^i yield in cuttings not more than 3-\- feet. 



Sweep and crook allowance reduced ^ in logs with more than H diameter in sound end defects. 



60 percent cull deduction permitted in Grade 2 if otherwise of Grade 1 quality. 



60 percent cull deduction permitted In Grade 3 If otherwise of Grade 2 quality. 



2 Unlimited. 



- Not visible In standing timber. 



B. TIE AND TIMBER LOGS 



Position in tree Buti and upper 



D. i, b., small end, inches i 8+ 



Length without trim, feet ^+ 



Clear ciittings No requirements. NoL graded on cutting basis. 



Sweep allowance, maximum J-4 d. i. b. of small end for half logs and J-2 d. i. b. for log 16 feet long. 



Sound surface defects permitted: 



Single knots Any number, if none has an average collar diameter in excess of ^3 of log diameter at point of occur- 

 rence.' 



Whorled knots Any number provided the sum of the collar diameters does not exceed H the log diameter at point ol 



occurrence. 



Holes Any number not exceeding knot specifications if they do not extend over 3 inches into the contained 



tie or timber. 

 Unsound defects permitted: 



Surface Any number and size if they do not extend into contained tie or timber. If they extend into con- 

 tained tie and timber they shall not exceed size, number, and depth of limits of sound knots. 



Interior _ None permitted except one shake not more than Js the width of contained tie or timber and one split 



not over S inches long. 



' Knot collar is the average of the vertical and horizontal diameters of the limb or knot swelling as measured flush with the surface of the log. 



Growth and Annual Cut 



Net ANNUAL GROWTH OF SAWTiMBER. — The change 

 during a specified year in net board-foot volume of 

 live sawtimber on commercial forest land resulting 

 from natural causes. 



Ingrowth of sawtimber. — The total net board- 

 foot volume of trees that entered live sawtimber during 

 the inventory year as measured at the end of the year. 



Annual mortality of sawtimber. — The net 

 board-foot volume removed from live sawtimber on 

 commercial forest land during a specified year through 

 death from natural causes. 



Net annual growth of growing stock. — The 

 change during a specified year in net cubic-foot vol- 

 ume of growing stock on commercial forest land result- 

 ing from natural causes. 



Ingrowth of growing stock. — The total net 

 t ubic-foot volume of trees that entered growing stock 

 during the inventory year as measured at the end of 

 the year. 



Annual mortality of growing stock. — The net 

 cubic-foot volume removed from growing stock duiing 

 a specified year through death from natural causes. 



Annual cut of live sawtimber. — The board-foot 

 volume of live sawtimber trees cut or killed by logging 



Forest Resources of New Hampshire 



31 



