defect was 12 percent for white pine, 20 percent for The problem for forest owners is how to clear the 



spruce, and 17 percent for hemlock. forest of cull trees. Cull trees, particularly those of 



In hardwood sawtimber trees, the deduction for sawtimber size, occupy growing space, crowd good 



defect (in terms of the International ^-inch log rule trees, and suppress small trees. 



to an 8-inch top) amounted to 14 percent. For the Improvement cutting or measures such as girdling 



major species, the following deductions were made to or poisoning arc needed. These measures require cash 



arrive at net sawtimber volume: outlays unless enough cull tiee material can be mar- 



Dtduciion kctcd to cover the immediate costs of conditioning the 



(percfnt) Stand. Statewide, a big job of cleaning up the forest 



Sugar maple 13 remains to be done. 



Red maple 15 



Red oak 11 _ . ,, 



Yellow birch 12 S pCClCS C OmpOSltlOn 



Paper birch 18 



Beech 1 95 Trees of any one species are often found scattered 



Ash . 13 among stands of other species. Of course this species 



20 Forest Resource Report No. 8, U. S. Department of Agriculture 



