\v,' "-^-YA 



Figure \0.— Typical second growth of -white spruce-balsam fir 

 type. i?i u'hich balsam jtr is the key species with a con- 

 glomeration of other species. 



The cedar type occurs both on peat swamps and 

 moist upland areas in the northern part of the 

 region. 1 he type originally was valued as a pro- 

 ducer of telegraph and telephone poles. In its 

 second-gro-ivth phase, it yields chiefly fence posts 



and mine lagging. Most of the type now is in the 

 restocking or sapling stage. 



Hardwood group: Tliree distinct types (tabic 6): 

 The northern hardwood type, characteristically 

 composed of sugar maple, yellow birch, basswood, 

 beech, and hemlock, occurs principally on loamy 

 upland soils in the northern part of tlie region. 

 The old-growth stands, mostly in northern Michi- 

 gan, contain trees ranging in age from 160 to 300 

 years or more, in diameter from 18 to 30 inches, 

 in height from 80 to 100 feet (fig. 13). Second- 

 growth sa^v-timber forests, commonly residual 

 stands from heavy partial logging, often include a 

 disproportionate share of inferior species and cull 

 trees. The pole stands and sapling areas, likewise, 

 contain scattered saw-timber trees left at time of 

 logging, but are made up mainly of young trees 

 of more or less even age. The northern hard^vood 

 type will respond promptly to improved forest 

 management— the mature stands to selective logging, 

 the second-gro-\vth stands to salvage operations and 

 improvement cuttings, the restocking lands to sus- 

 tained protection (9, 32, 33, 47). The type does not 

 require much artificial reforestation. 





-^/*3 



F— 230554 



I'lGURii II.— Black spruce pole stand growing in peat bog in northcn> Minnesota. Stands such as this are togged for 



pulpwood during winter. 



10 lujicsl Resource Report No. 1, U. S. Departiiteut of Agriculture 



% 



