WHAT IS WASTED. 9 
The southern pines furnish over 30 per cent of our lumber; Douglas 
fir about 12 per cent; white pine, 10 per cent; oak, 9 per cent; and 
hemlock over 8 per cent. 
Washington was first in lumber cut in 1907, furnishing 9.4 per cent; 
Louisiana was second, with 7.4 per cent; Texas came next, with 5.5 
per cent; and Mississippi, Wisconsin, and Arkansas followed closely, 
with about 5 per cent each. 
The center of lumber supply in the United States shifts constantly, 
as one region is cut over and another is attacked. The changes in the 
output by States are striking. Michigan supplied 23 per cent of the 
total lumber output in 1880 and 4.5 per cent in 1907. Washington 
yielded less than 1 per cent in 1880 and over 9 per cent in 1907. 
Over three-fifths of our shingles are made from western red cedar, 
chiefly in Washington, and the remainder mainly from eastern white 
cedar, cypress, and redwood. Telephone, telegraph, and electric 
light and traction companies use each year between three and four 
million poles in various lengths above 20 feet. Three-fifths of 
these are white cedar, cut chiefly in the Lake States,and over one- 
fourth is chestnut. Much cedar and chestnut, as well as many woods 
common to other regions/are used for smaller od poles and for posts 
and fence rails. The oaks, chiefly white oak, furnish over 45 per 
cent of the hewn railroad ties. The cutting of young oak for ties, 
next to the cutting of oak logs for lumber, is the most serious drain 
upon our oak forests. Other kinds much used for ties are the south- 
ern and western pines, cedar, chestnut, cypress, and hemlock. Many 
woods are used for slack cooperage stock, of which the chief are red 
gum, pine, elm, beech, and maple. A large part of the tight cooper- 
age stock is high-grade white oak, which results in another heavy 
drain upon the oak forests. 
Our paper and pulp mills use over 3,000,000 cords of native wood 
each year and import more than 900,000 cords from Canada. Nearly 
three-fifths of the native pulp wood Ss spruce, cut mostly in the North- 
eastern States, and one-fifth is hemlock, which comes chiefly from 
Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. 
The cutting of mine timbers takes each year great quantities of im- 
mature timber from forests in the mining regions, the kinds used 
varying with the locality. 
Nearly all wood used for distillation is beech, birch, and maple. 
In relatively few cases this wood is saved from the waste in logging. 
WHAT IS WASTED. 
Forest fires burn over millions of acres and destroy billions of feet of timber 
annually. The young growth destroyed by fire is worth far more than the 
merchantable timber burned. 
14602—Cir. 171—09 2 
