mine^^ to the required sizes at a great saving over the present wasteful 

 methods of manufacture hj splitting. 



To secure the greatest economy in the utilization of mining timber 

 and all other timber, the following rules should be strictly enforced : 



(1) Xo sound trees should be cut higher tlian 15 inches from the 

 ground. 



(2) Felling should be done wholly with the saw. Xo butti.ng 

 should be done, except in the case of hollow trees, and then Avithout 

 waste. 



(8) All marketable material should be utilized in the tops down 

 to a diameter of 4 inches. 



(-1) All logged trees and sound windfalls should be utilized. 



(5) Xo merchantable logs, bolts, or sections of bolts should be left 

 in the woods. 



BETTERMENT IN METHODS OF LOGGING AND LUMBERING. 



There must be a radical change in the present sj'stem of logging if 

 a j^ermanent supply of timber is to be expected in the future. It has 

 been a common pTactice to cull timberlands repeatedly, often at very 

 short intervals, for the different species or for different diameters. 

 Tracts were noted in the Southern Appalachians which have been 

 logged over three times within ten, years, first for the best poplar and 

 white oak saw timber, next for oak stave timber, and finally for the 

 smaller and rougher saw and tie timber of all species. The effect of 

 these repeated cuttings was to prevent a dense and uniform regenera- 

 tion, so that the second growth is limited to scattered, irregtilar 

 bunches. Furthermore, as a result of such cutting, there is a defi- 

 ciency of seed trees of the most valuable species, especially white oak 

 and yellow poplar, which have been logged most heavily. The 

 poorer species, on the other hand, since they were not logged at all, 

 are left in very favorable condition for reproduction, and are exclud- 

 ing the valuable species from the second growth. There is an 

 important example of this in the competition between white and black 

 oak in the region. Since the relation was disturbed by heav}- cutting 

 of white oak, black oak has a marked advantage and is increasing in 

 the younger age classes. Second growth of the more valuable species, 

 therefore, is constantly becoming of rare occurrence under the prevail- 

 ing strong tenclenc}' to cut the commercial trees closer and closer and 

 to lower the diameter limit of saAvlog trees. Moreover, by cutting- 

 small 3'ellow poplar for pulp stock and chestnut for extract wood 

 the diameter limits of these two species have recently been greatly 

 reduced. The great seeding capacity of yellow poplar and white 

 pine and the persistent sprottting power of chestnut and the oaks 



12S94— Cir. US— 07 2 



