Table 



-Comparative yield of ties per acre under present system and under 

 more economical methods. 



! 







Yield by 



Possible yield 







Actual 



yield of 



ties. 



taking all 



of ties by 



Age of 

 stand. 



Type. 



trees of tie 

 size by the 



taking and 

 fullv utiliz- 







present 



ing all trees 

 of tie size. 









methods. 



Years. 





Number. 



Number. 



Number. 



50 



Slope 



62 



106 



107 



50-60 



....do.... 



38- 



165 



247 



48-51 



Cove 



62 



209 



254 



49-51 



Ridge .... 



100 



191 



211 



60-80 



Slope 



123 



140 



218 



50 



do.... 



90 



152 



154 



50 



do.... 



48 



113 



840 



53-60 



do.... 



46 



66 



94 



55-65 



do.... 



21 



52 



113 



55-70 



Ridge 



23 



131 



163 



56-60 



do.... 



27 



103 



121 



58-60 



Slope 



46 



109 



117 



60-65 



.....do.... 



34 



70 



102 



6.5-70 



do.... 



42 



105 



112 



65-75 





54 



162 



187 



By taking all tree.s that can be made into ties, even as cutting is 

 now practiced, the yield per acre would be increased by from 60 to 

 125 ties, and with the closest utilization of each tree an increase of ITO 

 ties might be secured from each acre. In this way, to supply the 

 required number of ties, the forest area now annually cut over for ties 

 could be reduced nearly two-thirds and the revenue per acre increased. 



The greatest economy would be effected in the utilization of tie 

 timber if all trees above 13 or 14 inches in diameter were sawed 

 instead of hewed into ties. Where^sawed ties are as readily accepted 

 as hewed ones, and where logging is not difficult, sawing will usually 

 prove cheaper and more profitable than hewing. 



WASTE IN CUTTING MINE TIMBER. 



In logging for mining timbers under 2:)resent methods fully -lO 

 per cent of the timber handled is wasted. The chief items of waste 

 are high stumps, tops, partially used bolts, and even whole trees which 

 are felled and rejected because slightly twisted in grain. Of the 

 different timbers used by the mines the greatest demand upon the 

 forest is for props, which are 3 or 4 inches square b}^ from 4 to 9 feet 

 in length, and for tram ties. Under such conditions clean logging and 

 fullest utilization of the tops to a diameter of 4 inches should present 

 no difficulty if proper supervision is given to logging operations. To 

 secure close utilization of timber it would be best to saw into the 

 required sizes the rougher material from the tops as well as the 

 entire stems of those species which are difficult to split, instead of 

 following the present practice of sj)litting the timber into props and 

 rejecting all logs that will not split reaclih^ If mining timber is cut 

 into bolts of the required lengths in the woods, it can be sawed at the 



[Cir. 118.] 



