16 



The red cedar is not recommended because it is a menace to fruit 

 orchards through the spreading of apple rust; one stage of the life of 

 this fungus is passed on the branches of the red cedar, when it is known 

 as the ''cedar apple." It is also slow in growth and there are other 

 evergreens which are more valuable. The arborvitse and tamarack 

 require permanently moist situations. 



Seeds or seedlings. — Because of the difficulty and expense of 

 raising evergreens from seeds, it is usually advisable to purchase from 

 nurserymen seedlings 2 or 3 years old which have been transplanted 

 once. These have well-developed root systems and will grow with 

 little difficulty. They should be put out in garden soil in rows from 10 

 to 30 inches apart and with the trees from 6 to 10 inches apart in the 

 row. After two or three years they can be transplanted to the per- 

 manent location. By this method better stock is obtained and the 

 total cost of the windbreak is reduced one-half or more. There is 

 practically no loss from transplanting. 



For the broadleaf trees recommended for planting it will be 

 cheaper and fully as satisfactory to collect or buy the seeds and rtiise 

 the seedlings. A safe rule to follow in the planting of seeds such as 

 those of maple and elm is to plant them immediately after they ripen, 

 or before midsummer. Most other seeds should be planted the spring 

 following ripening, yet seeds of basswood and Russian olive germinate 

 better if planted in the fall. 



In keeping seeds over winter, nature's manner of storage should be 

 followed as nearly as possible. Where seeds remain on the tree until 

 late winter or early spring, as in the case of catalpa and honey locust, 

 they should be collected in late fall and hung up in a dry, cool place in 

 porous cloth sacks. Nuts and acorns which fall during the. autumn 

 and are buried among the leaves should be stratified through winter in 

 boxes of moist sand and planted as soon as the ground can be worked 

 in the spring. 



In many instances seedlings of the silver maple, willow, cottonwood, 

 green ash, and honey locust can be pulled from the ground in bottom- 

 lands, or in groves, and set out very cheaply and v/ith little danger of 

 loss. Cuttings of willow and cottonwood, which may be made from 

 new wood in late winter or spring and ''heeled in" in a cellar until 

 planting time, give good results, especially in permanently moist 

 situations. 



Time for setting trees. — It is advisable to plant windbreaks of 

 both conifers and hardwoods in the spring. The severity of the cold, 

 drying winds of winter, which injure growth that has not had time to 

 mature fully, makes fall planting on the plains west of the Mississippi 

 impracticable. Conifers may be successfully transplanted during any 

 season of the year if care is taken, but the spring, as soon as danger of 



[Cir. 154] 



