GREENHEART. ll 
vary in size. Their shape as seen in tangential section is usually 
round. In radial section they appear as elongated brick-shaped cells, 
varying greatly in length, with oblique end walls. Both the end and 
radial walls have small, round, simple pits. 
SUBSTITUTES FOR GREENHEART. 
The constant drain for more than 100 years upon the most accessi- 
ble stands of greenheart in British Guiana has stripped the forest of 
its best material and resulted in the appearance on the market of 
certain substitutes. The woods of three other species of Nectandra, 
the white cirouballi or siruaballi (Vectandra surinamensis Mes.), 
vellow cirouaballi (Nectandra pisi Miq.), sometimes called “ black 
cedar.” and the keritee or kretti (the exact species of which is not 
known), which grow with greenheart throughout its entire range, 
are occasionally cut and sold with the genuine. While they closely 
resemble it, they are inferior in durability. The white cirouaballi, 
however, is an important tree, and its wood is hkely to be substi- 
tuted more extensively as the supply of true greenheart diminishes. 
The woods of the two other species are much lighter than true green- 
heart, the yellow cirouaballi weighing 52, and the kretti 32 pounds 
per cubic foot, as against 75 pounds for the genuine, and their sub- 
stitution should be easy to detect. These two species work well, and 
are used largely for planking. The kretti wood strongly resembles 
cigar-box cedar (Cedrela odorata Linn.) in aroma, grain, texture, 
and ease of working, but is very much paler in color. 
The woods of two species of leguminous trees of West Africa have 
Leen introduced into English markets as substitutes for greenheart, 
under the name of African greenheart. One is from the recently de- 
scribed tree Piptadenia (called “ okan” by the natives), which at- 
tains large size, especially in the Gold Coast region. This woed is 
valued at from 30 to 36 cents per cubic foot. The other species is 
an undescribed tree from Nigeria, which yields a wood known locally 
as essago, selling for from 36 to 42 cents per cubic foot. Both of 
these species are inferior to true greenheart, and it is not likely that 
they will take its place to any great extent. 
An East African tree called greenheart is Walburgia ugandensis 
Sprague, better known to the natives of East Africa as “masuka” or 
“m/’ziga.” Its heartwood is green in color, beautifully figured, and 
sweet scented. The supply. however, is rather limited, and it is not 
likely to enter the markets of Europe or America. None of the 
African woods possesses the lasting qualities of the true greenheart 
of British Guiana. 
Several comparatively unimportant trees of the West Indies are 
called greenheart, but they are not sufficiently valuable to enter into 
competition with true greenheart. One of these is the snakewood, 
