TIMBER RESOURCES OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS. 29 



The rates per hundredweight on wagon squares, implement and 

 furniture squares, hubs, spokes, etc., are about 34 per cent higher. 

 Local rates for lumber on all railroads in the State are approximately 

 as follows : 



25 miles or under $0. 04£ 



25 to 50 miles ." 5 



50 to 100 miles 8 



100 to 150 miles 10 



150 to 200 miles 11 



TIMBER IN THE FORESTS. 



The Arkansas and Ozark National Forests contain both hardwoods 

 and softwoods. In the Arkansas Forest shortleaf pine predominates, 

 forming 58 per cent of the total stand. The remainder is mixed 

 hardwoods. In the Ozark Forest the order is reversed, and more 

 than half of the stand is hardwoods. The mixture of pine and broad- 

 leaved trees indicates that during past centuries shortleaf pine has 

 been working its way northward and slowly crowding the broad- 

 leaf trees from ground which they once held. If this is true, the 

 process has gone much farther in the Arkansas Forest than in the 

 Ozark, which is farther north. Though the hardwoods on the Ozark 

 are generally less defective, somewhat larger, and more thrifty, there 

 is little difference in the two Forests between trees of the same species, 

 and the following description of individual species applies to both. 



WHITE OAK. 



White oak (Quercus alba) is the most important hardwood of the 

 Arkansas Forest, and its estimated stand of 400,000,000 board feet 

 places it next to shortleaf pine in quantity. In the Ozark Forest 

 white oak, with an estimated stand of 605,925,000 feet, exceeds 

 pine in quantity. It is found in all situations in both Forests, but 

 makes its best growth in deep, moist, well-drained soils of the 

 north slopes and rich flats, where it produces a straight trunk, fre- 

 quently 3 feet in diameter, but often with a heavy top. Its average 

 height is 75 feet. The wood, which is of very good quality, is heavy, 

 hard, strong, tough, and durable in contact with soil. 



There are frequently found in mixture several other of the white 

 oaks, including , overcup oak (Quercus lyrata), post oak (Quercus 

 minor), chinquapin oak (Quercus acuminata), bur oak (Quercus macro- 

 carpa), and swamp white oak (Quercus platanoides) . There is very 

 little difference in the woods of these white oaks, and they usually 

 go to market under the single head of " white oak." 



RED OR BLACK OAKS. 



Under the head "Red or black oaks" are included red or Texan 

 oak (Quercus temna), Spanish oak (Quercus digitata), and yellow or 



