434 



TIMBER RESOURCES FOB AMERICA'S FUTURE 



Table 251. — Quantity oj new woodptdp consumed 

 per ton of paper and paperboard output, 1943-44, 

 1947, and 1954 



Grade class 



Paper: 



Newsprint 



Groundwood papers 



Book and fine 



Coarse and industrial 



Tissue and sanitary 



Building paper 



All paper 



Paperboard : 



Container board 



Bending board 



Nonbending board 



Building board 



Other board 



All paperboard 



All paper and board 



Tons of pulp per ton 

 of output 



1943-44 



1.05 

 .89 

 .67 

 .98 

 . 95 

 . 19 

 .80 



. 55 



. 25 

 .01 

 . 63 

 . 24 



. 42 



60 



1947 



' 1. 01 

 1.01 



.74 



1.00 



.94 



.28 

 .83 



.56 

 . 24 

 .02 

 .80 

 . 18 

 . 43 



63 



1954 



1.08 

 .97 

 .81 

 .98 

 .90 

 .32 

 .86 



.79 

 . 40 



.79 

 . 10 

 .57 



71 



1 Average for newsprint and groundwood papers com- 

 bined. 



2 No data available. 



Source: 1943-44, U. S. War Production Board, unpub- 

 lished Memo. No. WPBJ 2622, 12/19; 1947 and 1954, 

 Bureau of the Census, Census of Manufactures. 



requirements (excluding requirements for non- 

 paper uses) totals about 47 million tons: 



Million 



Paper : <»"« 



Newsprint 10. 7 



Groundwood 1. 5 



Book and fine 6. 3 



Coarse and industrial 7. 5 



Tissue and sanitary 2. 7 



Building paper 1. 1 



All paper 29. 8 



Paperboard : 



Container board 10. 6 



Bending board 3. 8 



Nonbending board . 1 



Building board 2. 8 



Other paperboard .3 



All paperboard 17. 6 



Total paper and paperboard 47. 4 



By the year 2000 the use of new woodpulp per 

 ton of paper and paperboard produced is expected 

 to decrease from the average assumed for 1975 

 (0.79 ton of pulp per ton of paper and paperboard 

 produced). If this happens, the medium level 

 of paper and paperboard requirements for new 

 woodpulp will probably be in the neighborhood 

 of 72 million tons, and the upper estimate would 

 be 91 million tons. (Neither of these estimates 

 includes nonpaper requirements for woodpulp.) 



Future Requirements Vary by Type of 

 Woodpulp 



There are 5 major types of woodpulp used in the 

 manufacture of paper and paperboard: Ground- 

 wood, sulfite, sulfate, soda, and semichemicai and 

 other. 1^* Each of these has special characteristics 

 that make it desirable for use in the manufacture 

 of specific grade classes of paper and paperboard 

 (table 252) . They are to some extent interchange- 

 able, however, and nearly all grade classes of 

 paper and paperboard can be manufactured from 

 pulp furnishes consisting of widely varying pro- 

 portions of the different types of pulp. 



There has been a tendency for the sulfate and 

 semichemicai pulps to replace soda, sulfite, and 

 groundwood pulps (table 253 and fig. 126). 

 Changes in consumption during the period 1940 

 to 1955 have been as follows: 



For the Average 



period annuo/ 



Type : (percent) (percent) 



Groundwood +64 +3.4 



Sulfite +37 +2.1 



Sulfate +208 +7.8 



Soda -10 -0.7 



Semichemicai and other + 546 + 13. 2 



Total all pulps +131 +5.7 



The technology of paper manufactiu-e now per- 

 mits a wider range in substitution between types 

 of pulp than ever before. Furthermore, both the 

 sulfate and the semichemicai processes are adapt- 

 able to the pulping of a wide range of species in- 

 cluding hardwoods and resinous softwoods, which 

 are in greater supplj^ than spruce, fir, and hem- 

 lock — the preferred species in the past. Higher 

 yields per cord of wood processed and lower pro- 

 duction costs have also given a price advantage 

 to the sulfate and semichemicai pulps. Moreover, 

 stream pollution identified with the sulfite process 

 has hindered expansion of sulfite-mUl capacitj'^. 

 As a result, most of the new mills constructed 

 recently in the United States have been designed 

 for either the sulfate or one of the semichemicai 

 processes. This trend is expected to continue in 

 the future as competition increases for the avail- 

 able supplies of softwood timber, as pollution 

 problems become more acute, and as further 

 efforts are made to hold down costs. 



No attempt is made to allocate the woodpulp 

 estimates for 2000 by type. However, considera- 

 tion of the above trends provides a basis for esti- 

 mating requirements for the various types of new 

 woodpulp that comprise the medium estimate for 

 1975. These requirements, by tj^pe of pulp, are 



'" These include semichemicai, chemi-groundwood, de- 

 fibrated, exploded, and other miscellaneous types of pulp 



