85 
sokly responsible for the development of the science in that country. 
He Lad published a number of important papers relative to injurious 
insects, and was favorably known as a scientific entomologist through 
his papers on Norwegian Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and 
Diptera. In 1891 he was appointed by the Government '-Landbrugs- 
entomolog M and Parliament voted an annual pay of 1.000 kroner, 
equivalent to $270. Correspondence with farmers and horticulturists 
was worked up and an annual report was published in that year, as 
well as the following years. In 1893 Mr. Schbyen"s compensation was 
raised to 1,200 kroner, and in 1894 he was appointed Government ento- 
mologist and was voted a salary of 3,000 kroner (8810) with traveling 
expenses. He was instructed to study insects and fungi in their rela- 
tions to agriculture and horticulture, as well as to forests. In his three 
annual reports Mr. Schoyen has treated of the insects injurious to a 
number of different crops, his matter consisting mainly of short notes 
classified according to crops. He has also published pamphlets upon 
the Hessian fly and several other insects. Since his appointment as 
Government entomologist he has resigned his curatorship in the uni- 
versity and in future will devote his entire time to economic work. 
SWEDEN. 
After one or two unsuccessful applications during the late seventies 
by the Royal Academy of Agriculture of Stockholm, the King of Swe- 
den, on February 23, 1880. appropriated 1.000 kronor as an annual sal- 
ary for an entomologist in the service of the academy, whose duties 
should be to distribute information upon injurious insects and to try 
to prevent the damage done by such insects. This appropriation was 
made annually to the academy until 1890. The Bureau of Agriculture 
was then founded, and the appropriation was transferred to this bureau. 
The compensation was increased in 1893 to 1,500 kronor. The first 
appointee under the appropriation of 1880 was Dr. August Emil Holm- 
gren, a well-known writer on insects, as well as a distinguished student 
of the order Hymenoptera. Dr. Holmgren's position was that of lec- 
turer on natural history at the Institute of Forestry, and he also taught 
practical entomology during his vacation at the agricultural school at 
Alnasp. If Dr. Holmgren published definite reports as the official 
outcome of his work I have not been able to find any reference to 
them. Such reports may have been filed with the Bureau of Agricul- 
ture, as has been the case in later years, without receiving official 
publication. He did, however, a great deal to popularize entomology 
in Sweden, published abstracts and translations of German works, 
rjarticularly those upon forest insects, and, in fact, translated Ratze- 
burgs Die Forst-Insekten into Swedish. He labored under many dif- 
ficulties, the text of the appropriation implying that the officer already 
possessed the necessary knowledge for advising farmers, and no funds 
were advanced to enable him to carry on experimental work — the whole 
