248 
THE CODLING MOTH DOUBLE-BROODED. 
By C. L. Marl att. 
The double-broodedness of the codling moth has been called in ques- 
tion by Prof. J. B. Smith, as a result of experience during the last three 
seasons at New Brunswick, N. J., in which larvae constituting the 
supposed first brood and maturing early in July remained in every 
instance unchanged in their cocoons until the next spring. (Ent. News, 
vol. V, p. 284.) Prof. Smith does not deny the possible occurrence of 
the second brood, which has been so generally accepted by nearly all 
later writers on the subject, but considers, and perhaps justly, that 
this experience leaves room for doubt, and asks for positive observations. 
In the earliest American accounts, viz, those of Harris (Ins. Inj. to 
Veg., Flint Ed., p. 484), and Fitch (Third Report, No. 48) a single brood 
in general is somewhat indefinitely indicated, both of these writers 
apparently following or quoting the statements of Europeans rather 
than advancing any personal experience. 
That the insect is single-brooded in northern Europe, including 
northern and central Germany, is asserted by German authors ; and 
this is also true of England (Westwood, G-ard. Mag., 1838, p. 237), 
while in the latitude of Vienna (48°) (Schmidtberger) and in France 
(Reaumur, Memoires des Ins. n, p. 499) it is double-brooded. West- 
wood and Reaumur give actual breeding records. The fact of single- 
broodedness in parts of Europe is alluded to by Prof. Riley (Third Re- 
port, p. 102) and by Mr. Howard (Ann. Rep. Dept. Agric, 1887, p. 90). 
On looking over the later published records in this country of actual 
observations, the occurrence normally of a second or summer brood of 
moths throughout the United States, with the possible exception of 
the northeast Atlantic region, can not be doubted. That there are 
two broods in the Middle States is shown by the records given by Prof. 
Riley in several of his Missouri reports. He states in his Fourth 
Report (p. 22) that he has bred them nearly every year for ten years 
in different localities, and records for St. Louis (Sixth Report, p. 11) 
the earliest mature larva, June 23, and the earliest moth J uly 8. 
Noteworthy among these records is the account by Le Baron, who 
made some very careful studies, and convinced himself of the double- 
broodedness of the insect throughout Illinois and the West, with the 
possibility of a third brood for the South. In the latitude of Chicago 
he found the great majority of the summer brood of moths to emerge 
in the last week of July and the first of August. I will quote merely 
the results of his examination of bands put on trees July 10, which 
shows that the larva3 transformed to pupse and issued as moths generally 
throughout July and most of August. (See Le Baron's Third Report, 
p. 175.) 
