332 
It is probable that the species has been introduced wherever its 
food-plant grows. Specimens have been received during the past 
two years from Brazil (Columbian Exposition), from Mr. T. D. A. 
Cockerell, from Kingston, Jamaica, and from Mr. Hubbard, from Mont- 
serrat, West Indies. Some of the latter have been kept breeding in 
tamarinds for nearly a year. The adults feed on some of the seeds of 
cereals that have been confined with them, but there is as yet no 
indication of the possibility of their breeding in them. 
Calandra rugicollis Cas. and Palembus ocularis Cas., both described 
from an indefinite locality in Florida, are in the same category with 
the above. The first was described from a single specimen taken in 
southern Florida, and its food-habits and origin are unknown. The 
second is undoubtedly exotic, and as its only known food-plant is the 
same as that of Calandra linearis it is quite possible that these two 
species have a common origin. It was received from Kingston, 
Jamaica, November 17, 1892, from Mr. Oockerell, and during the pres- 
ent year from Mr. Hubbard, from Montserrat, in both cases in the pods 
of tamarind infested with Calandra linearis. About ten years ago Mr. 
H. K. Morrison found both species at Key West, Fla., and a good series 
of this lot came into the possession of the late Mr. W. Juelich, from 
whom Captain Casey received the type specimen. 
The two exotic scolytids, Cryphalus jalappw Letz. and Coccotrypes 
dactyliperda Fab., are also in this category. The former evidently lives 
exclusively on commercial jalap and the latter on seeds of dates or nuts 
of other palms. 
INJURIOUS INSECTS AND COMMERCE * 
By L. O. Howard. 
That in commerce is the wealth of nations is a very old and well- 
known truth; but that in commerce is also the means of destroying the 
wealth of nations is an equal truth which has only become apparent in 
comparatively late years. It is by commerce that injurious insects, 
noxious weeds, and fungous and bacterial diseases of cultivated plants 
have become and are becoming distributed over the face of the globe. 
Animals and plants are naturally restricted in their spread; they are 
confined by nature to certain so-called fauna! and floral regions or 
zones. Progressive agriculture and horticulture, however, have inter- 
fered with this natural restriction, and by artificial cultivation and 
forcing have succeeded in growing crops far away from their natural 
surroundings. Their original natural enemies have followed these 
crops, and, brought into contact with new insect enemies and diseases, 
these have accommodated themselves to the new-coming plants, already 
* Read before the Peninsula Horticultural Society at Dover, Del., Jan. 11, 1895. 
