382 
as five larvre sometimes occupy tlie same mine, and when the leaf con- 
taining the mine is small they usually desert it and form new mines in 
the adjoining leaves. Drosophila pallida Zett., and Scaptomyza apicalis 
Hardy, are regarded as being synonymous with the present species. 
Prof. H. Garman, the entomologist of the Kentucky Experiment Sta- 
tion, in his Bulletin !Nb. 40, issued in March, 1892, has given a very 
interesting account of what is evidently a different, although closely 
related, species of Drosophila, the larvae of which mine the leaves of 
the turnip in that State. It was first observed during the month of 
October, 1891, when it infested about one-fifth of the leaves in the turnip- 
field of the station. The description of the adult insect given by Pro- 
fessor Garman accords very well with Drosophila graminum Fallen, a 
common and widespread European species, reported many years ago as 
occurring in this country, having been recognized by the well-known 
German dipterist, Dr. Loi-w. Recently Prof. A. D. Hopkins, of the 
Fig. 40. — Drosophila flaveola; a, larva; b, puparium; c, adult ; d, antenna? of adult; e, larval mine 
iu radish leaf— a, h, c, enlarged; d, still more enlarged; e, natural size (original). 
West Virginia Experiment Station, submitted specimens of this species, 
with the statement that he reared them during the past season from 
larvae found mining the leaves of cabbage in his locality. This insect 
seems to be quite a general feeder; besides the plants mentioned above, 
it has been bred in Europe from Stellaria media, Lychnis githago, Cheno- 
podium album, Yiscaria oculata, and Silene armeria. 
The genus Drosophila contains two groups of species which, while 
closely related by structural details, differ from each other in regard to 
food habits. In one of these groups, which contains the well-known 
vinegar fly (Drosophila ampelophila Loew), the larvae live in fermenting 
or decomposing vegetable' substances of a liquid nature; while those 
of the second group mine the leaves of growing plants. The species 
of the latter group have been separated into a distinct genus under 
