b TEKMS USED IX FORESTKY AND LOGGING. 



Composite forest. A forest in which both seedUngs and sprouts occur in consider- 

 able number. It may be either pure or mixed. 

 Syn. : mixed seedling and sprout forest. 

 Composite system. One of the three great systems of forest management. Under 

 it reproduction is secured by both sprouts and seedlings. See Forest management. 

 Conservative lumbering'. Practical forestry; any method of lumbering which per- 

 petuates the forest by use. 

 Conversion, n. A change from one system or method of forest management to 

 another, as from the sprout system to the seed system. 

 G., Uberfiihrung, Umwandlung. F., conversion. 

 Conversion period. The period during which the change from one system or 



method of forest management to another is effected. 

 Coppice, coppice forest. See Sprout forest. 

 Coppice method. See Sprout method. 

 Coppice slioot. See Sprout. 

 Coppice system. See Sprout system. 

 Coppice Tvitli standards. See Keserve sprout forest. 

 Counter Are. See Back fire. 



Crown, n. In silvics, the upper part of a tree, including the living branches with 

 their foliage. In forest measurements the use of the term varies with the kind 

 of tree and the purpose of the measurements. For example, crown may be used 

 to designate the whole leaf and branch system, or that portion of it above a dead 

 or a growing branch of a given size. In tree description the crown is described as 

 long or short, broad or narrow, compact or ragged, conical or flat. 

 G., Krone. F., cime. 

 Crown canopy. See Crown cover. 



Crown class. All trees in a stand occupying a similar position in the crown cover. 

 Dominant, intermediate, overtopped, and suppressed trees each constitute a crown 

 class. 

 Crown cover. The canopy formed by the crowns of all the trees in a forest, or, in 

 an irregular forest, by the crowns of all trees in a specified crown class. 



Syn.: canopy, crown canopy, leaf canopy. G., Kronendach, Beschirmung. 

 F. , convert, voute f oliacee. 

 Crown density. The density of the crowns of the trees in a forest; it is usually 

 measured by the extent to which the ground is shaded. 

 G., Beschirmungsdichte. F., epaisseur du couvert. 



The degrees of crown density in a forest are expressed by the following terms: 

 Closed. When the crowns form an uninterrupted cover and permit little or no 

 sunlight to reach the ground. G., geschlossen. F., plein. 



Dense. When three-fourths or more of the ground is shaded. G., dicht. F., 

 dense. 



Thin. When three-fourths to one-half of the ground is shaded by the crowns. 

 G,, licht. F., clair. 



Open. When less than one-half the ground is shaded by the crowns. G., 

 liickig. F., entrecoupe. 



Park forest is forest in which shade occurs only in isolated patches, under single 

 trees or small groups. 

 Crown fire. See Forest fire. 

 Crown forest. See National forest. 

 Cruiser's bark blazer. See Scratcher. 



