OF KAM AON. I57 



the apple, pear, apricot, cherry, walnut, pomegranate, mulberry, peach, mango, 

 guava, orange, lemon, two kinds, citron, four kinds, plaintain, arbutus or 

 tree strawberry, raspberry, barberry, grape vine, blackberry, and giwain, be- 

 sides some peculiar to the hills, as the hhamora, and the churi, or butter tree, 

 which produces a small edible fruit in the shape of a pear, containing a stone, 

 from the kernel of which is formed the butter, while from the saccharine 

 matter contained in the flowers, a species of sugar is also manufactured. To 

 conclude the list of fruits, the strawberry, the water melon, and pumpkin, 

 maybe added. Among the shrubs it will be only necessary to mention the 

 dog rose and hawthorn, sidhbarua, from the bark of which paper is manu- 

 factured, and the dalchini, (the wild cinamon.) Garden vegetables were con- 

 fined to onions, turnips, sweet potatoes, egg plants, and cucumbers, all re- 

 markable for their size and flavor ; spinach was also much cultivated. 

 Potatoes have now been introduced with partial success, but the greater num- 

 ber of Europe vegetables have been found to thrive extremely well. The 

 flowers are extremely numerous ; the most remarkable are lillies, many va- 

 rieties, flags, pionies, wild tulips, he. &C. 



Hitherto the only minerals discovered, are the coarse metals, viz. copper, 

 iron, and lead. The copper is produced in many parts of the province, though 

 not always in the same species of soil, the matrix in some of the mines being 

 a dark sandy stone, and in others a white soapy rock. The principal mines now 

 worked, are GangoU and Sira, in Kamaon, Nagpiir and Dhanpur, in Gerhwal. 

 Each mine consists of a horizontal shaft, run into the side of a mountain : 

 these shafts are about 3^ feet high by gi feet wide, and have their floors gra- 

 dually declining towards the mouth, to prevent the water from lying and ac- 

 cumulating. Where a rich vein is discovered, traverses of the same descrip- 

 tion as the shaft are struck off, and when the ore is exhausted a nev/ mine is 

 commenced near the old one. This measure is adopted also when the old mine, 

 from earthquake, or other cause, becomes blocked up by the falling in of the 



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