4m LANGUAGES, &c. OF THE 



These works are known collectively, and individually, by the names SiUra 

 and Dharma, and in the Pujd kdnd, there is the following stanza : 



" All that the Buddkas have said, as contained in the Mdha Ydn Sutra, 

 and the rest of the Sutras, is Dharma Ratna." Hence the Scriptures are also 

 frequently called " Buddha vachana" the words of the Buddha. Sakya 

 SiNHA first reduced these words to writing ; and in this important respect, 

 Sakya is to Buddhism what Vyasa is to Brahmanism. Sakya is the last of the 

 seven ge^mine Buddhas. The old books universally assert this ; the modern 

 Bauddhas admit it, in the face of that host of ascetics, whom the easiness of 

 latter superstition has exalted to the rank of a Tathdgata. The sacred 

 chronology is content with assigning Sakya to the Kali Yuga, and profane 

 chronology is a science which the Bauddhas seem never to have culti- 

 vated. In the subsequent enumeration, it will be seen that Sakya is the 

 •' Speaker'* in all the great works. This word merely answers to " hearer," 

 and refers to the Jbrm of the works, which is that of a lecture, or lesson, deli- 

 vered by a Tii/fJflhn +rv Vii<: TinrtJticnftfnnv, r.v riicr>ipl^<! M hat Sakya Sinha first 

 collected and secured, in a written form, the doctrines taught by his predeces- 

 sors, and himself, is a fact for which I cannot cite written authority, but which 

 seems sufficiently vouched by the general belief of all the Bauddhas of Nepal 

 and of Bhot. Not one of them seems ignorant of it. The words Tantra 

 and Purdna, as vaguely expressive of the distinction of esoteric and exoteric 

 works, are familiar to the Bauddhas of Nepal ; but it would seem that their 

 own more peculiar, but not more precise, names are Upadesa and Vydlcarana, 

 Gdtha^ Jataka, and Avaddn, seem to be rather subdivisions of Vydkarana than 

 distinct classes. 



The word Sutra is often explained Mula Grantha, Buddha vachana; and 

 in this sense it has been held to be equivalent to the Sruti of the Brahmans, 

 as has their Smriti to the Bauddha Vydkarana, But, apt as Buddhism is to 



