1916.] THE EMERGENCE. 36l 



seems evident the cultures did not advance. The evidence of 

 the upper marine sand is rather in favour of the men still 

 existing here when the island was left above water, but a low 

 island not more than 50 to 60 feet in elevation ; after that it 

 would be impossible for even a small tribe to find the necessary 

 food and the last remnants of the men of that period had to 

 disappear. I have no evidence to guide me in making a 

 definite statement how. 



Stage 2.— Part 1. 

 THE EMERGENCE. 



As the Island was completely below the water, the next 

 stage must of necessity be its emergence from the pre-glacial 

 submergence. 



A mass of sedimentary material must have been depo- 

 sited while the land was beneath the waters and that sediment 

 would of course be a deep sea deposit. 



It may seem strange that no trace of this mud has been 

 found. The process of submergence left abundant traces as 

 described in the 1st stage. The evidence of submergence is 

 indisputable and the emergence cannot be set aside because 

 there is no deep-sea deposit found on the uplifted land. How 

 then to account for the loss of the deposits ? 



Let us devote a portion of our space to explain the 

 different effects we must expect under the reversed motion of 

 the land. 



1. — Effects of rising and sinking sea-level. 



These are quite different. A given sea-level will affect 

 the land margins in different ways, depending on (<y) its 

 persistence, (b) its rising, and (c) its falling. 



(a) If the sea-level is without change it does not 

 gain on the land, nor does it undercut the cliffs, but it 

 does eat up the existing beaches reducing the pebbles to 

 sand, which in high winds are driven on to the land. 

 Hence, the formation of sand dunes on a sea shore is an 

 indication of a steady sea-level. This does not exclude 

 the formation of new sand dunes from old deposits of 

 sand by wind action on exposed coasts. 



(b) A rising sea-level will cut into the land removing 

 the debris by grinding it down into beaches and sands, 

 and washing muds and clays resulting from land drainage 

 and rock decomposition to the adjacent sea bottoms. This 

 process is now going on on our coasts, and is the process 

 we are familial' with. (Incidentally, I may say that this 



