1916.] THE DEPOSITS. 363 



Just as certain of the mildness of the submergence is 

 the severity of the emergence. Of this we have abundant 

 proof. 



As we cannot find evidence of the extent of the rise of 

 the land we have to be content with the fact that it was suffi- 

 cient to very completely freeze the rocks and break up, in situ, 

 all the softer kinds. The effects of elevation and cold would 

 be an accumulating one, for at first there might not have been 

 perpetual cold, but rather cold winters and warm summers ; 

 hence, every change of temperature would have far-reaching 

 effects, owing to the entry of water into the rock joints in 

 summer and its freezing in winter. 



As the glacial period, which was to follow, approached 

 and the emergence continued, the island would receive and 

 retain the moisture of the Atlantic winds and snow, until the 

 summers ceased to melt the winters' falls and a permanent ice- 

 cap resulted. 



Stage 2.— Part 2. 



THE PERIOD OF THE DEPOSIT OF LARGE DETACHED 

 BLOCKS OF STONE. 



Resting on the 25 feet beach, or where that beach has 

 disappeared, resting on its platform, or it may be on the 

 foreshore, are immense numbers of blocks of stone. 



There is abundant evidence that these were detached 

 from the rock masses by frost. The blocks are all angular, or 

 were so when they fell from their places, but their angles have 

 been partly worn down by attrition since they were detached. 



Where these blocks are associated with cliffs they are 

 found to be the earliest deposit. As the glacial clays of the 

 cliffs are above them we may safely consider them to be 

 earlier than the " Head " (to be described further on). 



These blocks resulted from the forcible rupture of the 

 rocks by frost. Those which were so situated that they could 

 fall did so, but large masses of them were detached on the 

 lower levels and remained in situ although detached. How 

 these were to be effected by glacial conditions will be seen 

 later. 



All our coasts provide examples. As for instance on 

 the West Coast where thousands are strewn on the foreshore. 

 (See Photos Nos. 12 and 13.) 



In the Geological Report in the Transactions of the 

 Society of 1895 the Secretary drew attention to the 

 appearance afforded by the detached blocks and stones, 

 but did not make the distinction between frost sepa- 



