264 SKETCH OF THE 



but the enumeration is commonly fourteen, like the modification of vital- 

 ity. They are Dhermdstihaya, Adhernidstikaya, and Akdsastikaya, each 

 comprehending three varieties. Kdla, or time, is the tenth ; and Pud- 

 gala, or elementary matter, in four modifications, completes the series. 



It is not very easy to understand these technicalities, for the etymo- 

 logy of the words is of little avail. Astikaya indicates the existence of 

 body, " Body is;" whilst D hernia signifies virtue, and Adherma, vice; but 

 D hernia means also peculiar function or office, in which sense it seems to 

 be here intended, thus — Dhermdstikaya is defined to be that which facili- 

 tates the motion of animate or inanimate bodies, as water for fish. Adher- 

 mdstikaya is that which impedes or stops their motion. Akdsastikaya is 

 the principle of repulsion, that which keeps bodies separate, or space : 

 the varieties of these are only in degree, of little, more, and complete. 

 Time is sufficiently intelligible, but the Jains indulge in modifications 

 of it infinitely more extravagant than those for which the Hindus are 

 reproached ; thus after enumerating days, weeks, months, and years, 

 we have the Paly a, or Palyopania, a period measured by the time 

 in which a vast well, one hundred Yojans every way, filled with minute 

 hairs so closely packed that a river might be hurried over them without 

 penetrating the interstices, could be emptied at the rate of one hair in a 

 century. A Sagaropama is one hundred million millions of Paly as, and an 

 Avasarpini and Utserpini, which make up a great age, consist each of one 

 hundred million millions of Sagaras. Pudgala is atomic matter, distin- 

 guished like the first three categories, by being combined in three 

 degrees — little, much, and most, whilst it adds a fourth state, or that of 

 Paramanu, primitive, subtle, indivisible, and uncombined. 



III. The third Tatwa is Punya, Good, or whatever is the cause of 

 happiness to living beings : the sub-divisions of this category are forty- 

 two, it will be sufficient here to enumerate a few of the principal. 



