272 SKETCH OF THE 



Antardya, impeding or vexing those engaged in seeking liberation. 



The second class comprises — 



Vedaniya, self-consciousness or sufficiency. 



Ndma, pride of name — Gotra, pride of birth — and Ayushka, attach- 

 ment to bodily existence. 



These essential principles of the faith are common to all classes of 

 Jains, but some differences occur in their Duties as they are divided 

 into religious or lay orders, Yatis and Srdvakas. Implicit belief in the 

 doctrines and actions of the Tirthankaras is, of course, obligatory 

 on both ; but the former are expected to follow a life of abstinence, 

 taciturnity, and continence, whilst the latter add to their moral and 

 religious code, the practical worship of the Tirthankaras, and profound 

 reverence for their more pious brethren. The moral code of the Jains is 

 expressed in five Mahdvratas, or great duties — Refraining from injury to 

 life, truth, honesty, chastity, and freedom from worldly desires. There 

 are four Dhermas, or merits — liberality, gentleness, piety, and penance ; 

 and three sorts of restraint — government of the mind, the tongue, and 

 the person. To these are superadded a number of minor instructions or 

 prohibitions, sometimes of a beneficial and sometimes of a trivial, or 

 even ludicrous tendency, such as to abstain, at certain seasons, from 

 salt, flowers, green fruit, and roots, honey, grapes, and tobacco ; to drink 

 water thrice strained ; never to leave a liquid uncovered, lest an insect 

 should be drowned in it; not to deal in soap, natron, indigo, and iron ; 

 and never to eat in the dark lest a fly should be swallowed. Religious 

 characters wear a piece of cloth over their mouths to prevent insects from 

 flying into them, and carry a brush under their arms to sweep the place 



