Appendix table 6—Total freshwater withdrawals in the United States, specified years, 1960-85, by water use and source, with 
projections of demand to 2040 
Projections 
Water use and source 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 
So Million gallons per day 
Thermoelectric steam cooling 
Ground water 920 1,100 1,400 1,400 1,600 610 700 700 690 680 680 
Surface water 73,100 90,500 118,300 129,600 146,800 129,790 156,700 174,500 192,200 209,900 227,600 
Total 74,000 91,600 119,800 131,000 148,400 130,400 157,400 175,200 192,900 210,600 228,300 
Irrigation 
Ground water 30,400 41,600 45,250 57,100 61,200 56,300 55,600 58,300 60.900 62,650 64,200 
Surface water 54,000 74,400 81,700 85.000 90,400 85,800 86,600 92,900 99,100 104,210 109,100 
Wastewater 560 500 370 370 280 450 290 260 200 200 200 
Total 4,900 116,500 127,300 142,500 151,900 142,500 142,500 151,500 160,200 167,100 173,400 
Municipal central supplies 
Ground water 6,300 8,100 9,500 10.800 11,700 14,600 20,100 24,100 28,200 31,600 = 33,700 
Surface water 14,200 15,700 17,900 18,800 22,300 21,900 30,500 34,600 38,500 41,640 43,500 
Total 20,500 23,800 27,400 29,600 34,000 36,500 50,600 58,700 66,700  =72,300 ~=—-77,100 
Industrial self-supplies 
Ground water 6,000 6,800 8,000 9,700 10.300 6,100 5,600 6,400 7,340 8.310 9.340 
Surface water 27,200 29,700 31,200 28,600 28,700 20,200 21,700 23,600 25.420 27,220 = 28,960 
Wastewater 70 140 150 170 190 150 300 400 420 470 500 
Total 33,300 36,600 39,300 38,500 39,200 26,450 27,600 30,400 33.200 = 36,000 38,800 
Domestic self-supplies 
Ground water 1,840 2,200 2,500 2,670 3,260 3,250 4,300 4.800 5,250 5.600 5.800 
Surface water 160 120 120 130 180 60 80 60 40 30 30 
Total 2,000 2,320 2,620 2,800 3,340 3,320 4,380 4,860 5,290 5,630 5,830 
Livestock watering 
Ground water 825 1,000 1,070 1,250 1,200 3,020 1,500 1,600 1,690 1,750 1,780 
Surface water 675 740 800 900 970 1,450 1,180 1,260 1,330 1,380 1,410 
Total 1,500 1,740 1,870 2,150 2,170 4.470 2,680 2,860 3,020 3,130 3,190 
All water use 
Ground water 46,285 60,800 67,720 82,920 89,260 83,880 87,800 95,900 104,070 110,590 115,500 
Surface water 169,335 211,160 250,020 263,030 289,350 259,210 296,760 326,920 356,590 384,380 410,600 
Wastewater 630 640 520 540 470 600 590 660 620 670 700 
Total withdrawals 216,200 272,400 318,300 346,600 379,000 343.700 385,200 423,600 461,300 494,800 526,600 
Note: Data may not add to totals because of rounding. 
Source: Data for 1960-85 from U.S. Geological Survey circulars except for 1985 data for irrigation. These are from the Soil 
Conservation Service, modified by additional nonagricultural irrigation use. Projections are Forest Service estimates based 
upon trends in the historical data. 
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